How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? South Africa was extremely undemocratic before 1991 mainly because of racism and violating rights of the blacks. At some point in 1994 Africa’s government was mainly controlled by the ‘white power’ and with this being said, the “Apartheid” was created which was to violate the rights of the blacks, making living for the back in South Africa a challenge.
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? Apartheid made life for the blacks in South Africa a living hell, starting with the government in South Africa mainly be controlling by the whites, South Africa was a part of the British Empire, only whites had the rights to vote and this was a big disadvantage because many discrimination laws were slowly passing. The ANC tried to stop these laws from being made for such a long time but they weren't successful. What was the rules of Apartheid? This particular law divided the races in South Africa, dividing the White, colored and Africans. When i say divided i mean as in, every race in South Africa had their own schools, living houses, hospitals and so on. The race that was most affected by this was the Africans or the blacks that i mentioned earlier.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? The were change of policy because of many actions that were being taken between 1989-1990. The creation of Apartheid, at some point caused a loss of protests against the government and there was so many protests that the government could not keep it under control. Also at some point, both sides almost had a military conflict and this meant somewhat a type of civil war in South Africa. But they thought it would be better to do negotiation that will cause a ‘political solution’. A change had to be made as soon as possible, many people were dying and the violence was just increasing.
How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91? The process of change to end the Apartheid required a lot of negotiations. It all started with the African National Congress working their way up to make themselves more strong in the government world in South Africa. Their goal was to end this with negotiations and not anything that had to do with war or anyone dieing. The negotiations between the ANC and the government started in May of 1990. This negotiation started because the violence and the imprisonment of politicians that was going on was just not tolerable. The goverment on the other side were secretly investing their money on military power and this caused many to think that a negotiation to create a evolution was not going to happen. This was the end for the goverment and with the release of Nelson Mandela negotiations were made with the help of liberalists and the Apartheid was officially abolished in 1991.
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? Before 1991 South Africa was ruled by white people. These whites were the ones who created the segregation in South Africa. Blacks and whites were not allow together. For example, the whites were the only ones who were allowed to vote. The blacks weren't allowed to vote. They were not allowed to interact with each other. On top of that, the blacks were being discriminated by the whites. South Africa was not a Democratic before 1991 because in a democracy the citizen work together to help build up their country. It's not just one race that controls the country and before 1991 it was just the whites who controlled South Africa.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? The apartheid state came about in 1910 when 4 British colonies formed a union in South Africa. Since then, South Africa was dominated by the Britains and Afrikaners (people of Dutch descent). The structure of the apartheid state was that Africa was separated by the whites, colored (mix descent), Indians, and Africans. Schools, hospitals, public transportation and cemeteries were segregated between the whites and anyone who wasn't white. Anyone was wasn't white had to live in homelands. This was a overly crowded place with very few resources. The Africans were allowed to attend school. However, the education that an African was provided with was extremely low quality. When Africans wanted to travel to another city they needed passes from a white person saying they have permission. The structure of the apartheid state was very discriminating to anyone who wasn't white.
3. Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? There was a change of policy in 1989-90 because of the following reasons: -The government of Africa was having a hard time controlling the people. There were way too many protests by the people who lived in township ,workers and many others. There were many groups formed by the Africans to stop the discrimination. - The African National Congress, a group that fought for Africans rights, started guerrilla attacks on Africa's most valuable places. - The ANC gained support from outside of Africa; Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, and Angola. The whites wasn't able to control all of the attacks by the ANC and it's supports. - The economy was crashing extremely harshly. Overseas banks cancelled loans and the South African currency decreased in its value. - Africa was isolated from the world. They were kicked out from the Olympic Movement and any international groups that they had a relationship with. The supporters for the Anti - apartheid had increased and there were many boycotting taking place. - The African military was losing its power. It came to a point where they had to give up Namibia and let it have its independence.
4. How did the process of change and reform begin? The process of change and reform began with the African National Congress trying to make itself stronger to help the Africans in South Africa. At first the ANC didn't want any violence. They wanted this to be a peaceful group. However, the discrimination continued so they had to take action by boycotting and protesting. When Nelson Mandela was released from prison, he and many other liberals help the ANC create liberty for the Africans. This led to the abolishment of the apartheid in 1991.
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? The reason why South Africa was undemocratic was because of racism, discrimination and segregation. Between 1990 and 1994, South Africa was overcome by white domination where South Africa was ruled by a white minority government. White people in South Africa were privileged under a system of segregation called apartheid. However, white domination was put to an end after a constitutional multiparty democracy was established. 2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? The structure of apartheid came about when the constitution of the union of South Africa was established. South Africa’s origins came about in 1910, when four British colonies formed the Union of South Africa, which was a self-government within the British Empire. The nature of the apartheid state was incredibly unfair and discriminatory against anyone who wasn’t white. Only white people had the right to vote(men of other races in Cape Province could possibly vote). Also only white people were allowed in parliament or government. The African National Congress was created by a group of black leaders to protest against discriminatory laws but in a peaceful manner. 3. Why was there a change in policy in 1989-90? There are many reasons as to why there was a change in policy in 1989-90. Some of those reasons being: - The African National Congress got support from the “frontline states” which were Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia. -A historian named Leonard Thompson thought that a political solution should be negotiated instead of a military solution because the latter seemed unlikely. -South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985, when loans were cancelled by overseas banks. The economy became worse when money went towards defending apartheid. 4. How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91? The process of change and reform began after lots of violent events. Sadly, it took 15,000 deaths in political violence before serious negotiations about the constitution were made. Negotiating was difficult between the African National Congress members because not all of them were on the same terms. Not all the ANC members were for a peaceful settlement because they believed that they can seize power with the armed struggle. Since Nelson Mandela was willing to negotiate with the government, the ANC thought they made a mistake by trusting him. The National Party also decided to form alliances for example with the Inkatha Freedom Party(IFP) which was led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
Erick Volquez IB History 12 Ms. Noce South Africa Packet
1. Before South Africa became democratic in the early 1990’s, South Africa was hell for the Africans. We have to know of historical context that Africa was primarily dominated by Europe; lighter skin complex habitants. These folks took South Africa and made it their own having a strong rule of segregation. South Africa was to be considered Non-democratic due to the fact that the Africans were not allowed to be part of the government nor even have their voices heard. We know that Democracy’s quote is “for the people, by the people” so how can a country be stopping the original citizens of the land from voting and having their voices heard? This was a segregated country and government who only seek to have light skinned complex dominance to continue to control the government; which we know was taken down when the Democratic movement rose. Segregation didn’t only come from the government but also in the communities in South Africa. 2. The Structure of the Apartheid State was a development in Africa which was a segregation movement that meant “the state being apart”. This segregation movement’s nature derived from the years after European countries came into Africa and took over countries like South Africa. These countries looked down at the Africans and took over the governmental factors and separated their people (Europeans) from the Africans. The structure was very simple; Africans were to be away from the whites, they couldn’t have a voice in the government and in totality not have any connection what so ever because they were not even considered to be known as human beings in countries like Africa. This System persisted for many years because no one really considered standing up and having a change in South Africa till Nelson Mandela did. 3. There were many reasons why there was a change of policy in 1989-90 in South Africa. Church leaders, students, and even residents formed a Democratic front in 1983 to protest against the policy because they didn’t agree with the role that this policy was taking. Another reason for this was because besides the constant protests, there were more violent movements like the guerilla attacks from the ANC to bring pressure to the government; specifically in Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in Cape Town. According to History and investigation from Historian Thompson came to a conclusion that both rebels and government officials came to an agreement to negotiate since the government was tired for the guerilla attacks. Since The ANC was based of communism from the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe; when communism collapsed, the ANC had no choose but to negotiate. Factors like these where the ones that led to a change in the Policy in South African Government. 4. The process of change and reform begin threw a breakthrough that was made which led threw a peaceful transition to democracy which was allowed. It took South Africa two whole years to begin negotiations to promote democracy of constitutional change. This caused a lot of violence that came up to 15,000 deaths and political violence before this reform took place. WORK CITED: -Packet Given to us in class.
Mu Ying Yu IB World History 12 Ms. Noce November 11, 2014 South Africa: 1991-2000 1.How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? --- South Africa was very undemocratic before 1991 due to segregation, racism and discrimination. The country was leaded by a small group of white minority and also benefit from the apartheid, which is a strictly enforced system of segregation. But then in 1994, the country negotiated a settlement where it ended the white domination and set a constitutional multiparty democracy. 2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? --- The nature of the apartheid state began in 1910, four British colonies came in and form the Union of South Africa. From then, it became a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. The white South Africans which are most immigrants from British or Dutch settlers had the absolute power over political and economic. In 1948, the Afrikaner nationalist government introduced apartheid and which separated Africa into four race groups, white, coloured, Indians and Africans. Since then , everything in South Africa was determined by their racial classification, like schools, universities, hospitals, living areas, sporting facilities, transportation, public amenities and cemeteries are all strictly segregated between whites and ‘non-whites’. For example, the non-whites had to lived in homelands and townships, where the living condition were extremely poor. African children taught under special curriculum called Bantu Education, the school designed to produce uncritical and unskilled workforce of manual labourers. Africans needed to carry a special pass from the government in order for them to traveled to other cities. The whites are very discriminated over the non-whites and treated them very unfair. 3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989--90? --- There was a change of policy in 1989--90 because apartheid arise most of the difficulties and caused changes. Some of the reasons: *The government are having a difficulty time to controlled the people and so many protests coming from the townships. *The African National Congress subjected guerrilla attacks and gain supports from the frontline states (Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia). *The economy harm hardly due to the financial crisis. Which caused oversea banks cancelled loans and the South Africa’s currency fall apart. *Africa being isolated from the world and got kicked out of the Olympic Movement and international groups. *African National Congress and the government got affected by the fall apart communism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. 4.How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91? --- The process of change and reform began in 1990-91 with the African National Congress started to work to make them became more strong and held a place in the South Africa government. During the process, lots of violence had happened and caused so many deaths before any negotiations or settlements had been reached. Another thing is that not all ANC members had agreed on the peace settlement. After Nelson Mandela released from prison, he was willing to made negotiation with the government and received help from other liberalists to helped the ANC created liberty for Africans and also lead to the abolishment of apartheid in 1991.
Dinia Clairveaux Ms. Noce IB History 12 11/11/2014
South Africa
1.How undemoctratic was South Afirca before 1991? South Africa was undemocratic to the point that there were racism and segregation. The white minority was in power and they separated the africans from themselves by enforcing the apartheid. 2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? The nature of the apartheid was to segregate the white african from the black Africans The whites went and did a groups separation on the people. There were placed into four different categories the whites, coloured, Indian, and African and the africans were basically ranked the lowest and had the worse treatment from the apartheid . The structure of the apartheid states was put into action when the Land Act was [asted during 913. It restricted african and ownership to the reserves which was less than 10% of the south Africa. the whites had the majority of the land. The reserves were turned into homelands that was used for each tribal group. they became over crowded and many people and then they became as stated in the reading dumping grounds for the people who were exiled from the urban areas. 3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? There was a change in policy because the Whites fail to swash the Soweto uprising which was viewed as turning point of South African apartheid history. The government failed to keep the people uncontrol an then which lead t the nationwide defiance campaign by the MDM and other anti-apartheid groups. 4.How did the process of change and begin in 1990-91? the process for changed began when the release of the imprisoned leaders of the ANC and other organization decide to team up and fight the whites which lead to a lot of violence and deaths. the ANC was successful and their leader Nelson Mandela had discussion on negotiations about state of ememarcy and etc. Work Cited: -- South Africa: 1991-2000 packet
Victor Harris November 12,2014 Ms.Noce I.B History 12
1.How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? - South Africa was associated with racism, discrimination and segregation which was a big history of it. Africa was ruled with a minority group of white people, which only cared about white power and basically themselves. "It was certainly not a democratic state". During the 1990 to 1994 a settlement was negotiated to end white domination.
2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? -Apartheid made everything hard for everybody that wasn't in there standards. But tha ANC tried to fight for this but was hard, but they protested for five decades ! The Apartheid separate groups into four, which was white, coloured,indian and the African and from that point on everything was about race, schools, living areas, sports. For Africans there were homelands which are "created as part of the 'divide and rule' tactics of the apartheid government, these enforced separate 'tribal' identities. These conditions weren't comterable and to me harsh.
3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? -The government was unable to suppress. -ANC,MK armed struggle . -Military wasn't very strong . -Africa become isolated. -Civil war. -The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the Soviet union. For these reason why the National Party need to change.With the help with Thabo Mbeki played a major role of getting this better, negotiations with the government.
4.How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91? -The main reason this change because of the negotiations that had to go on around this. The ANC fought for this even though some of the members thought being peaceful wouldn't work. Example of Mangosuthu Buthelezi wanted to do the right thing but in a violent way or any means necessary. In December of 1991 with the ANC and help of Nelson Mandela, the negotiations got through to the government.
How was undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? Before 1991, South Africa was far from being a democratic state. It was ruled by a white minority government who used the strict system of apartheid to enforce white power and privilege. The country was also plagued with racism,discrimination, and segregation.
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? The origins of apartheid in South Africa dates all the way back to 1910, when four British colonies joined together to create the Union of South Africa. Political and economic power was given instantly to white South Africans. The constitution states that only white South African were allowed to vote or men who could qualify as being a white South African. It wasn’t until 1948 when the Afrikaner nationalist government introduced a new and more strict form of segregation called apartheid. This new system went as far as categorizing the entire South African population into four ‘racial groups’ -White,Colored, Indian, and African. From that point on, your race determined every aspect of your life.Everything was segregated from Schools all the way to cemeteries and those who were considered ‘non-white’ were always considered to be inferior. Those who were labeled as ‘African’ had it the hardest. Africans weren’t even considered to be citizen of South Africa as a nation but rather citizens of their own tribal homelands. Homelands were over crowded with insufficient resources and Africans weren’t allowed to enter cities without a special pass.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-1990? I call for a change in policy occurred for many reasons. Many Historians believe that the apartheid government couldn't control the excessive amounts of protests by township residents,students,workers, church leaders, and many others. The ANC had also gained support from frontline states such as Angola, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Another reason why a change in policy occurred is because the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe had effected the apartheid government greatly.
How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-1? It took four years and 15,000 lost lives due to political violence before an agreement made. It was uncertain whether a peaceful transition into democracy would occur. The ANC faced many trials on this journey to democracy. Not all ANC members abided with the idea of peaceful settlement and did not trust Mandela for his willingness to negotiate with the government.
How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? Before 1991, South Africa was a so-called democracy. The falsity of this status came from the fact that only white South Africans were given the right to vote and have a say in the government thanks to the Apartheid Law, which segregated Indians, "Coloured" and Whites. This law made blacks have separated schools, colleges, facilities, and even entrances!
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? During the Apartheid period, the state was controlled by the whites, they had the right to vote, and every law created was made by whites. This led to racist/segregationist laws being passed constantly such as the Bantu Education Act which altered the curriculum of Black schools to a manual work-focused one. Black facilities were given far less money for improvement or maintenance when compared to those destined for whites.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? First of all, protests against the government and external support put the government under extreme pressure. Furthermore, the country was at the brink of civil war between the Africans and the central government, violence was breaking out. The government was risking civil war and even external intervention in South Africa. To prevent this, the government decided to reach a political solution through negotiations.
How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91 The main player in ending Apartheid was the ANC (African National Congress), but before they could negotiate they had to extend their influence and become a politically strong entity. At the time, people were clamoring for violence and were reluctant to negotiate. The violence was stopped in a series of "minutes" where the government ended the State of Emergency and the ANC halted armed conflict. After two years, the CODESA (Convention for a Democratic South Africa) took place to finally negotiate once and for all the end of Apartheid.
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991? - Before the year 1991, South Africa was extremely undemocratic. South Africa was highly populated with whites and from there, the whites had acts of racism and discrimination being played towards the blacks. The blacks were getting their rights violated (the blacks couldn’t vote). There was an act of segregation in South Africa, which was being run by the whites. In a democracy, everyone has the right to vote but in South Africa before 1991, the blacks did not have the right to vote. 2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state? - The nature and structure of an apartheid state is to segregate ethnicities. For example, the blacks couldn’t really do what the whites could, the blacks couldn’t really do anything with the whites (hence segregation making the state divide or be apart from each other). The whites were the dominating ethnicity in this apartheid state and the blacks had no voice in the government to defend themselves. 3. Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90? - There was a change to the policy in 1989-90 for several reasons. The African national congress (A group formed to help protect the rights for Africans) had received support from the frontline states (Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia). A guy named Leonard Thompson (A historian) believed that if they came up with a political a solution and negotiate it that there wouldn’t be any need for military actions for an answer. A huge reason I believe change came was because they lost finances that helped support apartheid because South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985 that caused them to stop receiving loans from oversea banks. 4. How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91? - This change occurred after a lot of violent acts took place and 15,000 deaths were a result for at least some political negotiations to be offered. Nothing could really be negotiated due to all the different views the National African Congress shared, so a solution wasn’t easy. But eventually alliances were formed and democracy came as a result and gave blacks their rights again.
Workcited: History for the IB Diploma: South Africa Packet
1. Before 1991 South Africa was very undemocratic and there was a lot of discrimination between the blacks and whites. The country was ruled by whites and they created a system called apartheid. The whites had all the power and the blacks could only be and work in certain places and the white people had all the power. Segregation was a huge problem which created protests from the blacks because they wanted their freedom back.
2. During apartheid the whites had all the power and they controlled the country. The blacks couldn’t live or work where they wanted to and they lost all their rights such as voting. The whites separated themselves from the blacks and they basically controlled the law and government.
3. There was a change of policy because the government couldn’t stop the protests and a group formed to help stop discrimination called the ANC was formed. The ANC received help from the frontline states and they helped fight the whites. Also there were negotiations that occurred in order to prevent a big war because the South African economy was doing badly and it was becoming isolated so they couldn’t afford to have a civil war.
4. There was a lot of violence because negotiations couldn’t be reached between the ANC and the government. It took a total of four years and 15,000 deaths for an agreement to be reached; the deaths were too much so both sides had started to agree on negations because the violence was just too much. Nelson played a huge role with the negotiations because when he was still in jail the government and ANC could still not come up to a solution.
Before 1991 South Africa was very undemocratic because of many things like racism, discrimination and segregation. South Africa got overruled by the white domination. Which meant that South Africa was ruled by a white minority government. During that time before 1991 most white people in South Africa were privileged under a system of segregation called apartheid. However, this white domination was put to an end because a constitutional multiparty democracy was created.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The nature of the apartheid state was very unfair. It was discriminatory against anyone who wasn’t white. White people were the only ones who had the right to vote. Also only white people were allowed in parliament or government. The African National Congress was created by a group of black leaders to protest against discriminatory laws to gain their justice, but in a peaceful manner they created the group.The structure of apartheid was established when the constitution of the union of South Africa was established. The origin of South Africa came in 1910, when the four British colonies formed the Union of South Africa. That later was a self-government in the British Empire. 3. Why was there a change in policy in 1989-90?
There were many reasons why there was a change in policy during the time period of 1989-90. One of those reasons was because “ The African National Congress got support from the “frontline states” which were Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia” A historian named Leonard Thompson thought that a political solution should of been negotiated instead of a military solution. He said that because the latter seemed unlikely. South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985, due to the loans being cancelled by overseas banks. The economy worsened when money went towards defending apartheid,it cost a lot to maintain it.
4. How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91?
The process of change and reform happened after lots of violent events. There was over 15,000 deaths in political violence before serious negotiations about the constitution were made.Even negotiating was difficult between the African National Congress members because some of them had different views.. Some of the ANC members were not for a peaceful settlement because they believed that they can seize power with the armed struggle. Nelson Mandela was willing to negotiate with the government, the ANC thought they made a mistake by trusting him. The National Party also decided to form alliances for example with the Inkatha Freedom Party(IFP) which was led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
William Reis
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms.Noce
11/8/14
How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
South Africa was extremely undemocratic before 1991 mainly because of racism and violating rights of the blacks. At some point in 1994 Africa’s government was mainly controlled by the ‘white power’ and with this being said, the “Apartheid” was created which was to violate the rights of the blacks, making living for the back in South Africa a challenge.
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
Apartheid made life for the blacks in South Africa a living hell, starting with the government in South Africa mainly be controlling by the whites, South Africa was a part of the British Empire, only whites had the rights to vote and this was a big disadvantage because many discrimination laws were slowly passing. The ANC tried to stop these laws from being made for such a long time but they weren't successful. What was the rules of Apartheid? This particular law divided the races in South Africa, dividing the White, colored and Africans. When i say divided i mean as in, every race in South Africa had their own schools, living houses, hospitals and so on. The race that was most affected by this was the Africans or the blacks that i mentioned earlier.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
The were change of policy because of many actions that were being taken between 1989-1990. The creation of Apartheid, at some point caused a loss of protests against the government and there was so many protests that the government could not keep it under control. Also at some point, both sides almost had a military conflict and this meant somewhat a type of civil war in South Africa. But they thought it would be better to do negotiation that will cause a ‘political solution’. A change had to be made as soon as possible, many people were dying and the violence was just increasing.
How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91?
The process of change to end the Apartheid required a lot of negotiations. It all started with the African National Congress working their way up to make themselves more strong in the government world in South Africa. Their goal was to end this with negotiations and not anything that had to do with war or anyone dieing. The negotiations between the ANC and the government started in May of 1990. This negotiation started because the violence and the imprisonment of politicians that was going on was just not tolerable. The goverment on the other side were secretly investing their money on military power and this caused many to think that a negotiation to create a evolution was not going to happen. This was the end for the goverment and with the release of Nelson Mandela negotiations were made with the help of liberalists and the Apartheid was officially abolished in 1991.
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
ReplyDeleteBefore 1991 South Africa was ruled by white people. These whites were the ones who created the segregation in South Africa. Blacks and whites were not allow together. For example, the whites were the only ones who were allowed to vote. The blacks weren't allowed to vote. They were not allowed to interact with each other. On top of that, the blacks were being discriminated by the whites. South Africa was not a Democratic before 1991 because in a democracy the citizen work together to help build up their country. It's not just one race that controls the country and before 1991 it was just the whites who controlled South Africa.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The apartheid state came about in 1910 when 4 British colonies formed a union in South Africa. Since then, South Africa was dominated by the Britains and Afrikaners (people of Dutch descent). The structure of the apartheid state was that Africa was separated by the whites, colored (mix descent), Indians, and Africans. Schools, hospitals, public transportation and cemeteries were segregated between the whites and anyone who wasn't white. Anyone was wasn't white had to live in homelands. This was a overly crowded place with very few resources. The Africans were allowed to attend school. However, the education that an African was provided with was extremely low quality. When Africans wanted to travel to another city they needed passes from a white person saying they have permission. The structure of the apartheid state was very discriminating to anyone who wasn't white.
3. Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
There was a change of policy in 1989-90 because of the following reasons:
-The government of Africa was having a hard time controlling the people. There were way too many protests by the people who lived in township ,workers and many others. There were many groups formed by the Africans to stop the discrimination.
- The African National Congress, a group that fought for Africans rights, started guerrilla attacks on Africa's most valuable places.
- The ANC gained support from outside of Africa; Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, and Angola. The whites wasn't able to control all of the attacks by the ANC and it's supports.
- The economy was crashing extremely harshly. Overseas banks cancelled loans and the South African currency decreased in its value.
- Africa was isolated from the world. They were kicked out from the Olympic Movement and any international groups that they had a relationship with. The supporters for the Anti - apartheid had increased and there were many boycotting taking place.
- The African military was losing its power. It came to a point where they had to give up Namibia and let it have its independence.
4. How did the process of change and reform begin?
The process of change and reform began with the African National Congress trying to make itself stronger to help the Africans in South Africa. At first the ANC didn't want any violence. They wanted this to be a peaceful group. However, the discrimination continued so they had to take action by boycotting and protesting. When Nelson Mandela was released from prison, he and many other liberals help the ANC create liberty for the Africans. This led to the abolishment of the apartheid in 1991.
Work cited
DeleteSouth Africa Handout
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
ReplyDeleteThe reason why South Africa was undemocratic was because of racism, discrimination and segregation. Between 1990 and 1994, South Africa was overcome by white domination where South Africa was ruled by a white minority government. White people in South Africa were privileged under a system of segregation called apartheid. However, white domination was put to an end after a constitutional multiparty democracy was established.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The structure of apartheid came about when the constitution of the union of South Africa was established. South Africa’s origins came about in 1910, when four British colonies formed the Union of South Africa, which was a self-government within the British Empire. The nature of the apartheid state was incredibly unfair and discriminatory against anyone who wasn’t white. Only white people had the right to vote(men of other races in Cape Province could possibly vote). Also only white people were allowed in parliament or government. The African National Congress was created by a group of black leaders to protest against discriminatory laws but in a peaceful manner.
3. Why was there a change in policy in 1989-90?
There are many reasons as to why there was a change in policy in 1989-90. Some of those reasons being: - The African National Congress got support from the “frontline states” which were Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia.
-A historian named Leonard Thompson thought that a political solution should be negotiated instead of a military solution because the latter seemed unlikely.
-South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985, when loans were cancelled by overseas banks. The economy became worse when money went towards defending apartheid.
4. How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91?
The process of change and reform began after lots of violent events. Sadly, it took 15,000 deaths in political violence before serious negotiations about the constitution were made. Negotiating was difficult between the African National Congress members because not all of them were on the same terms. Not all the ANC members were for a peaceful settlement because they believed that they can seize power with the armed struggle. Since Nelson Mandela was willing to negotiate with the government, the ANC thought they made a mistake by trusting him. The National Party also decided to form alliances for example with the Inkatha Freedom Party(IFP) which was led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
Work Cited - South Africa Handout
Erick Volquez
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms. Noce
South Africa Packet
1. Before South Africa became democratic in the early 1990’s, South Africa was hell for the Africans. We have to know of historical context that Africa was primarily dominated by Europe; lighter skin complex habitants. These folks took South Africa and made it their own having a strong rule of segregation. South Africa was to be considered Non-democratic due to the fact that the Africans were not allowed to be part of the government nor even have their voices heard. We know that Democracy’s quote is “for the people, by the people” so how can a country be stopping the original citizens of the land from voting and having their voices heard? This was a segregated country and government who only seek to have light skinned complex dominance to continue to control the government; which we know was taken down when the Democratic movement rose. Segregation didn’t only come from the government but also in the communities in South Africa.
2. The Structure of the Apartheid State was a development in Africa which was a segregation movement that meant “the state being apart”. This segregation movement’s nature derived from the years after European countries came into Africa and took over countries like South Africa. These countries looked down at the Africans and took over the governmental factors and separated their people (Europeans) from the Africans. The structure was very simple; Africans were to be away from the whites, they couldn’t have a voice in the government and in totality not have any connection what so ever because they were not even considered to be known as human beings in countries like Africa. This System persisted for many years because no one really considered standing up and having a change in South Africa till Nelson Mandela did.
3. There were many reasons why there was a change of policy in 1989-90 in South Africa. Church leaders, students, and even residents formed a Democratic front in 1983 to protest against the policy because they didn’t agree with the role that this policy was taking. Another reason for this was because besides the constant protests, there were more violent movements like the guerilla attacks from the ANC to bring pressure to the government; specifically in Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in Cape Town. According to History and investigation from Historian Thompson came to a conclusion that both rebels and government officials came to an agreement to negotiate since the government was tired for the guerilla attacks. Since The ANC was based of communism from the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe; when communism collapsed, the ANC had no choose but to negotiate. Factors like these where the ones that led to a change in the Policy in South African Government.
4. The process of change and reform begin threw a breakthrough that was made which led threw a peaceful transition to democracy which was allowed. It took South Africa two whole years to begin negotiations to promote democracy of constitutional change. This caused a lot of violence that came up to 15,000 deaths and political violence before this reform took place.
WORK CITED:
-Packet Given to us in class.
WORK CITED:
Delete-History for the IB Diploma: South Africa Packet
Mu Ying Yu
ReplyDeleteIB World History 12
Ms. Noce
November 11, 2014
South Africa: 1991-2000
1.How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
--- South Africa was very undemocratic before 1991 due to segregation, racism and discrimination. The country was leaded by a small group of white minority and also benefit from the apartheid, which is a strictly enforced system of segregation. But then in 1994, the country negotiated a settlement where it ended the white domination and set a constitutional multiparty democracy.
2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
--- The nature of the apartheid state began in 1910, four British colonies came in and form the Union of South Africa. From then, it became a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. The white South Africans which are most immigrants from British or Dutch settlers had the absolute power over political and economic. In 1948, the Afrikaner nationalist government introduced apartheid and which separated Africa into four race groups, white, coloured, Indians and Africans. Since then , everything in South Africa was determined by their racial classification, like schools, universities, hospitals, living areas, sporting facilities, transportation, public amenities and cemeteries are all strictly segregated between whites and ‘non-whites’. For example, the non-whites had to lived in homelands and townships, where the living condition were extremely poor. African children taught under special curriculum called Bantu Education, the school designed to produce uncritical and unskilled workforce of manual labourers. Africans needed to carry a special pass from the government in order for them to traveled to other cities. The whites are very discriminated over the non-whites and treated them very unfair.
3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989--90?
--- There was a change of policy in 1989--90 because apartheid arise most of the difficulties and caused changes. Some of the reasons:
*The government are having a difficulty time to controlled the people and so many protests coming from the townships.
*The African National Congress subjected guerrilla attacks and gain supports from the frontline states (Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia).
*The economy harm hardly due to the financial crisis. Which caused oversea banks cancelled loans and the South Africa’s currency fall apart.
*Africa being isolated from the world and got kicked out of the Olympic Movement and international groups.
*African National Congress and the government got affected by the fall apart communism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union.
4.How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91?
--- The process of change and reform began in 1990-91 with the African National Congress started to work to make them became more strong and held a place in the South Africa government. During the process, lots of violence had happened and caused so many deaths before any negotiations or settlements had been reached. Another thing is that not all ANC members had agreed on the peace settlement. After Nelson Mandela released from prison, he was willing to made negotiation with the government and received help from other liberalists to helped the ANC created liberty for Africans and also lead to the abolishment of apartheid in 1991.
Work Cited:
-- South Africa: 1991-2000 packet
Dinia Clairveaux
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History 12
11/11/2014
South Africa
1.How undemoctratic was South Afirca before 1991?
South Africa was undemocratic to the point that there were racism and segregation. The white minority was in power and they separated the africans from themselves by enforcing the apartheid.
2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The nature of the apartheid was to segregate the white african from the black Africans The whites went and did a groups separation on the people. There were placed into four different categories the whites, coloured, Indian, and African and the africans were basically ranked the lowest and had the worse treatment from the apartheid . The structure of the apartheid states was put into action when the Land Act was [asted during 913. It restricted african and ownership to the reserves which was less than 10% of the south Africa. the whites had the majority of the land. The reserves were turned into homelands that was used for each tribal group. they became over crowded and many people and then they became as stated in the reading dumping grounds for the people who were exiled from the urban areas.
3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
There was a change in policy because the Whites fail to swash the Soweto uprising which was viewed as turning point of South African apartheid history. The government failed to keep the people uncontrol an then which lead t the nationwide defiance campaign by the MDM and other anti-apartheid groups.
4.How did the process of change and begin in 1990-91?
the process for changed began when the release of the imprisoned leaders of the ANC and other organization decide to team up and fight the whites which lead to a lot of violence and deaths. the ANC was successful and their leader Nelson Mandela had discussion on negotiations about state of ememarcy and etc.
Work Cited:
-- South Africa: 1991-2000 packet
Victor Harris
ReplyDeleteNovember 12,2014
Ms.Noce
I.B History 12
1.How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
- South Africa was associated with racism, discrimination and segregation which was a big history of it. Africa was ruled with a minority group of white people, which only cared about white power and basically themselves. "It was certainly not a democratic state". During the 1990 to 1994 a settlement was negotiated to end white domination.
2.What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
-Apartheid made everything hard for everybody that wasn't in there standards. But tha ANC tried to fight for this but was hard, but they protested for five decades ! The Apartheid separate groups into four, which was white, coloured,indian and the African and from that point on everything was about race, schools, living areas, sports. For Africans there were homelands which are "created as part of the 'divide and rule' tactics of the apartheid government, these enforced separate 'tribal' identities. These conditions weren't comterable and to me harsh.
3.Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
-The government was unable to suppress.
-ANC,MK armed struggle .
-Military wasn't very strong .
-Africa become isolated.
-Civil war.
-The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the Soviet union.
For these reason why the National Party need to change.With the help with Thabo Mbeki played a major role of getting this better, negotiations with the government.
4.How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91?
-The main reason this change because of the negotiations that had to go on around this. The ANC fought for this even though some of the members thought being peaceful wouldn't work. Example of Mangosuthu Buthelezi wanted to do the right thing but in a violent way or any means necessary. In December of 1991 with the ANC and help of Nelson Mandela, the negotiations got through to the government.
Work Cited:
South Africa 1991-2000
Samantha Foster
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms.Noce
11-12-14
How was undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
Before 1991, South Africa was far from being a democratic state. It was ruled by a white minority government who used the strict system of apartheid to enforce white power and privilege. The country was also plagued with racism,discrimination, and segregation.
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The origins of apartheid in South Africa dates all the way back to 1910, when four British colonies joined together to create the Union of South Africa. Political and economic power was given instantly to white South Africans. The constitution states that only white South African were allowed to vote or men who could qualify as being a white South African. It wasn’t until 1948 when the Afrikaner nationalist government introduced a new and more strict form of segregation called apartheid. This new system went as far as categorizing the entire South African population into four ‘racial groups’ -White,Colored, Indian, and African. From that point on, your race determined every aspect of your life.Everything was segregated from Schools all the way to cemeteries and those who were considered ‘non-white’ were always considered to be inferior. Those who were labeled as ‘African’ had it the hardest. Africans weren’t even considered to be citizen of South Africa as a nation but rather citizens of their own tribal homelands. Homelands were over crowded with insufficient resources and Africans weren’t allowed to enter cities without a special pass.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-1990?
I call for a change in policy occurred for many reasons. Many Historians believe that the apartheid government couldn't control the excessive amounts of protests by township residents,students,workers, church leaders, and many others. The ANC had also gained support from frontline states such as Angola, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Another reason why a change in policy occurred is because the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe had effected the apartheid government greatly.
How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-1?
It took four years and 15,000 lost lives due to political violence before an agreement made. It was uncertain whether a peaceful transition into democracy would occur. The ANC faced many trials on this journey to democracy. Not all ANC members abided with the idea of peaceful settlement and did not trust Mandela for his willingness to negotiate with the government.
Works Cited:
South Africa: 1990-2000 packet
Carlos Callejas
ReplyDeleteHow undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
Before 1991, South Africa was a so-called democracy. The falsity of this status came from the fact that only white South Africans were given the right to vote and have a say in the government thanks to the Apartheid Law, which segregated Indians, "Coloured" and Whites. This law made blacks have separated schools, colleges, facilities, and even entrances!
What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
During the Apartheid period, the state was controlled by the whites, they had the right to vote, and every law created was made by whites. This led to racist/segregationist laws being passed constantly such as the Bantu Education Act which altered the curriculum of Black schools to a manual work-focused one. Black facilities were given far less money for improvement or maintenance when compared to those destined for whites.
Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
First of all, protests against the government and external support put the government under extreme pressure. Furthermore, the country was at the brink of civil war between the Africans and the central government, violence was breaking out. The government was risking civil war and even external intervention in South Africa. To prevent this, the government decided to reach a political solution through negotiations.
How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91
The main player in ending Apartheid was the ANC (African National Congress), but before they could negotiate they had to extend their influence and become a politically strong entity. At the time, people were clamoring for violence and were reluctant to negotiate. The violence was stopped in a series of "minutes" where the government ended the State of Emergency and the ANC halted armed conflict. After two years, the CODESA (Convention for a Democratic South Africa) took place to finally negotiate once and for all the end of Apartheid.
SOURCE:
DeleteSouth Africa 1990-2000 handout
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
ReplyDelete- Before the year 1991, South Africa was extremely undemocratic. South Africa was highly populated with whites and from there, the whites had acts of racism and discrimination being played towards the blacks. The blacks were getting their rights violated (the blacks couldn’t vote). There was an act of segregation in South Africa, which was being run by the whites. In a democracy, everyone has the right to vote but in South Africa before 1991, the blacks did not have the right to vote.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
- The nature and structure of an apartheid state is to segregate ethnicities. For example, the blacks couldn’t really do what the whites could, the blacks couldn’t really do anything with the whites (hence segregation making the state divide or be apart from each other). The whites were the dominating ethnicity in this apartheid state and the blacks had no voice in the government to defend themselves.
3. Why was there a change of policy in 1989-90?
- There was a change to the policy in 1989-90 for several reasons. The African national congress (A group formed to help protect the rights for Africans) had received support from the frontline states (Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia). A guy named Leonard Thompson (A historian) believed that if they came up with a political a solution and negotiate it that there wouldn’t be any need for military actions for an answer. A huge reason I believe change came was because they lost finances that helped support apartheid because South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985 that caused them to stop receiving loans from oversea banks.
4. How did the process of change and reform begin in 1990-91?
- This change occurred after a lot of violent acts took place and 15,000 deaths were a result for at least some political negotiations to be offered. Nothing could really be negotiated due to all the different views the National African Congress shared, so a solution wasn’t easy. But eventually alliances were formed and democracy came as a result and gave blacks their rights again.
Workcited:
History for the IB Diploma: South Africa Packet
William Portorreal
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms. Noce
1. Before 1991 South Africa was very undemocratic and there was a lot of discrimination between the blacks and whites. The country was ruled by whites and they created a system called apartheid. The whites had all the power and the blacks could only be and work in certain places and the white people had all the power. Segregation was a huge problem which created protests from the blacks because they wanted their freedom back.
2. During apartheid the whites had all the power and they controlled the country. The blacks couldn’t live or work where they wanted to and they lost all their rights such as voting. The whites separated themselves from the blacks and they basically controlled the law and government.
3. There was a change of policy because the government couldn’t stop the protests and a group formed to help stop discrimination called the ANC was formed. The ANC received help from the frontline states and they helped fight the whites. Also there were negotiations that occurred in order to prevent a big war because the South African economy was doing badly and it was becoming isolated so they couldn’t afford to have a civil war.
4. There was a lot of violence because negotiations couldn’t be reached between the ANC and the government. It took a total of four years and 15,000 deaths for an agreement to be reached; the deaths were too much so both sides had started to agree on negations because the violence was just too much. Nelson played a huge role with the negotiations because when he was still in jail the government and ANC could still not come up to a solution.
Works cited: The packet
Naomie Bourdeau
ReplyDeleteIB World History
1. How undemocratic was South Africa before 1991?
Before 1991 South Africa was very undemocratic because of many things like racism, discrimination and segregation. South Africa got overruled by the white domination.
Which meant that South Africa was ruled by a white minority government. During that time before 1991 most white people in South Africa were privileged under a system of segregation called apartheid. However, this white domination was put to an end because a constitutional multiparty democracy was created.
2. What was the nature and structure of the apartheid state?
The nature of the apartheid state was very unfair. It was discriminatory against anyone who wasn’t white. White people were the only ones who had the right to vote. Also only white people were allowed in parliament or government. The African National Congress was created by a group of black leaders to protest against discriminatory laws to gain their justice, but in a peaceful manner they created the group.The structure of apartheid was established when the constitution of the union of South Africa was established. The origin of South Africa came in 1910, when the four British colonies formed the Union of South Africa. That later was a self-government in the British Empire.
3. Why was there a change in policy in 1989-90?
There were many reasons why there was a change in policy during the time period of 1989-90. One of those reasons was because “ The African National Congress got support from the “frontline states” which were Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia” A historian named Leonard Thompson thought that a political solution should of been negotiated instead of a military solution. He said that because the latter seemed unlikely. South Africa went through an economic crisis in 1985, due to the loans being cancelled by overseas banks. The economy worsened when money went towards defending apartheid,it cost a lot to maintain it.
4. How did the process of change and reform began in 1990-91?
The process of change and reform happened after lots of violent events. There was over 15,000 deaths in political violence before serious negotiations about the constitution were made.Even negotiating was difficult between the African National Congress members because some of them had different views.. Some of the ANC members were not for a peaceful settlement because they believed that they can seize power with the armed struggle. Nelson Mandela was willing to negotiate with the government, the ANC thought they made a mistake by trusting him. The National Party also decided to form alliances for example with the Inkatha Freedom Party(IFP) which was led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
Works Cited
Handout- South Africa