Topic 3: Origin and development of Authoritarian and Single Party States (Italy & Germany)
ITALY:
- Italy was under the control of the Prime Minister, Luigi Facta who was failing as a prime minister and letting the Fascists slowly take over.
- After the end of World War One, Benito Mussolini created a group of socialists and patriotics. Their purpose was to promise the public a revolution, proportional representation, woman’s right and divide properties that are private held by states within Italy. (This was in 1919)
- In 1919, the group led by Mussolini attacked the offices in Italy and people thought that that was the time where The group started to show signs of failing.
- After that happened, Mussolini started to call his group the National Fascist Party.
- He took over Italy in 1925 when King Victor Emanuel the Third asked him to take over the country and kind of restore it.
- Italy was now a country that was very under the control of the Government, and Italy was now very much like a Communist country.
GERMANY:
- Germany at the time after the first world war, was at its worst economy, millions of people weren’t employed, no jobs were being created at the time, Germany was humiliated.
- Before Hitler, the Weimar Republic was in control of Germany and as I mentioned early, the public was not satisfied with it at all and this is when Hitler took the opportunity to make his appearance.
- It all started when Hitler joined the Worker’s Party, he saw this as the only way for him to reach the top. With his strong anti-antisemitism acts, the party eventually became a strong influence anti-antisemitism group.
- After years, Hitler was able to gain more seats in the government, making the Nazi party the biggest with over 230 seats. People were opposing Hitler because he was a very persuasive speaker, people liked him because he promised to overturn the treaty of Versailles and industries in Germany gave Hitler a lot of support. People wanted to see Germany move forward and that's exactly what Hitler promised to the public
Jalexis Ruiz IB World History 12 Ms.Noce Paper 2 review
In Europe nationalism was a very important factor for them. One minor issue was that there had been a “wave of romantic nationalism” that had whipped away the European main land. During World War 2 it had been really bad for Poland and they had a lot of issues. I found out that with each post- war it would help find the identity. One thing about that is that it had been different for the Central of Europe. For them it was like no communist party was strong enough to challenge the “hegemony”. There also had been some “re-organizing” done for Central Europe. Czechoslovakia was the one that made the high demands. At the end what happens is that all of the communist come to takeover all of the Central and Eastern after the war. One fact that I notice was that when the communist took over they only one’s that was left had been Poland. Due to the Western of Europe the soviets had to satisfy an acceptance of the “new Curzon” which then had lead the Eastern part to lose 70,000 Square miles in Russia. Central had went by the Stalinist transformation, and what they had caused was bad “famines”. The three leaders were Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. After the Nazi Germany’s had given up, the Red Army and other party had then started to control the Eastern part of Europe. At the end of all of this Both the Central and Eastern of Europe had no longer been connected by an enemy.
Work Cited: http://www.internationalschoolhistory.net/central_eastern_europe/1945-1953.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/europe_in_1945.htm
Erick Volquez IB History 12 Ms. Noce Topic 3: Origin and development of Authoritarian single Party States In Africa
EGYPT: 1950’s Egypt was under the Nationalist Union which was a single party state but then fell from power as it wasn’t providing the people’s needs. In 1962 The Arab Socialist Union rose as the first Authoritarian single party state of Egypt. Gamal Abder Nasser was the Prime minister of Egypt at the time. He felt like if the country was ruled under one single party, it would be more accessible for the people to come and file any form of need complaint etc. Since the Socialist single party was popular, Nasser seeked to have more control in the country by reducing land ownership, shutting down private industries, private money funds transferred to the general public bank and making it accessible for those with need to get aid and be helped. Nasser’s time as prime minister brought well fortune (Compared to how Egypt was) as everything was being controlled under one single party state Most of the time, single party states under one ruler turn into a totalitarian political structure and out of that comes a tyranny or dictatorship; but for Egypt, this was not the case. After Nasser’s death, Anwar Sadat, the new leader of the Socialist Union tried to reform the socialist idealism but this caused a division. in 1978, Egypt’s government was now composed of The Egyptian Independent movement (EIM) and the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) breaking out of the single party state. SUDAN: In 1971, The (SSU) Sudanese Socialist Union was created and was the countries single party from 1971 to 1985. The single party was under the regime of Gaafar Nimeiry. The (SSU) primary goal was enhance the economical structure of the country but under the regime of Gaafar Nimeiry, Sudan was simply under famine and the poverty level was not decreasing. The money that was funded by the country and for the country was being privately used to fund Nimeiry and His family. The (SSU) was taken down in 1985 when they assassinated Nimeiry. Another Single party came to power after this in 1985 called the Sudanese Democratic Socialist Union which is still the single party of Sudan present day. WORK CITED: “Socialist Union To Launch Its Political Platform.” - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).” Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2015. “Egypt.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
“Arab Socialist Union (Egypt).”Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
The Causes part: Africa: There were decades of conflicts that happen in Africa. This also goes with the starving children in famine. There was also a problem with the missing dollars that never made it's way there.
Asia/Middle East: For asia was the simple belief that America had a communism and would spread throughout east asia. For the Middle East was the trigger of declaration of Israel independence which happened in 1948,Zionism and the Arab nationalism.
Europe:Was the invasion of Poland, but later brought Poland into the war but was suppose to be fake. Also fascism with the fall of the economy, believe in inequality. And also the power of the Nazi which also came with the rise of Hitler.
Germairy Roman Ms. Noce IB History 12 5/5/15 Democratic States Challenges and Responses
Europe Countries that were located in the Mediterranean became dependent of European Economic Community in an economically wise. Ultimately, this situation was beneficial for Europe. 50% of the exports that came from the Mediterranean countries went to countries of the European Economic Community. Mediterranean countries eventually joined the EEC. There were six countries that founded the European Economic Community. Those countries were: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Later on in 1973, Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined. The 1980s brought along Greece, Spain, and Portugal. As time went on, the Community continued to expand. Former East Germany joined in after the reunification of Germany in 1990. After the Cold War ended, the policy and atmosphere in Europe changed because the Soviet communism presence was wearing away. Democratic states in Eastern Europe were able to open their markets and decide on rules of law without the invasiveness of Soviet communism.
Middle East The creation of a democratic state in the Middle East did not seem likely because of dictatorships. A democratic culture would need to be created in order to build a democracy. The idea of a democracy in the Middle East was strengthened after the 9/11 attacks. George W. Bush brought American aid to the Middle East but it was not in order to promote the idea of democracy. Even though the USA was aiding the Middle East region, they had no intention in changing Arab Regimes. The US and other powers in the West supported reform but were not thinking of changing Arab ideals. The reason for this was the US’ and other Western powers’ fear of a being taken over by a radical islamist group.
Works Cited DEBATTISTA, ANDRÉ P. "The Challenges of Europe and the Mediterranean."Http://one-europe.info/. N.p., 31 May 2013. Web.
Hamid, Shadi. "The Struggle For Middle East Democracy." The Struggle For Middle East Democracy. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2015.
Middle East: Iraq: Saddam Hussein rose to power with the Ba’ath party, although not originally their leader. He was involved in a coup in 1956 against the monarchy. Once the Ba’ath Party was in power, he planned to assassinate the leader, Abdel-Karim Qasid. His plan was discovered and he went to exile. He returned to Iraq in 1963, and was jailed after the Ba’ath Party got overthrown. He was released in 1968 when, once again, the Ba’ath took Iraq again. Through ruthless power and brutal determination, he rose to the Revolutionary Command Council. He was responsible for imprisoning, torturing, and killing any dissidents. He did not become a president until 1979, when he forced the president out.
Yemen: Before being unified, Yemen was divided between North and South Yemen. Ali Abdullah Saleh was the leader of North Yemen, a republican, conservative Yemen, while the South was Soviet-influenced and thus Communist. Saleh got to rise to power mainly thanks to family connections and influence within the higher ranks of the Hashid tribal confederation and even the military. He was elected president of North Yemen in 1978, when president Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi was assassinated. However, he had to share power with military and tribal leaders for a while. Much like Stalin, he replaced key military and government members with those who would support him, his family, ensuring their dominance in Yemen.
WORKS CITED Butt, Gerald. "Saddam Hussein-his Rise to Power." BBC News. BBC, 17 Nov. 1998. Web. 6 May 2015. Transfeld, Mareike. "The Yemeni Military and Saleh's Rise To Power." Muftah. Muftah, 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 6 May 2015.
Naomie Bourdeau IB World History Ms.Noce May,5,2015
Topic 5: Cold War Region: Africa and Middle East, Europe
Africa: Most of Africa was still under the British Controls. The British did maintain authority over three main territories which was Swaziland, Basutoland, and Bechuanaland. Most of these territories had to deal with external affairs which was under the power of the British. Not only there was some British territories that was being owned, but there was some British colonies that was being spread out among Africa.
Majority of South-Africa had "newly established "United nations. So that meant they had been confirmed with a incorporation around the 1950's. Meaning that there were a lot of nationalist that was rooming around but not a affirmative leader was being in charge, except for the white rulers.
Not only there was effects on the land of Africa, but there were affects also politically. This effect was most on Central Africa, the regional dynamics has been changed completely into a more complex way. The borders were split into half and conflicts raised up against the national board. There was a lot of violence and killing.
War in Asia greatly affected China, Korea and also Vietnam. China’s government began releasing policies that let them seize control over a large majority of the population. Within this control of the population came fear within the people who eventually tried to flee and leave the country. This soon became known as “Escape from Red China” but even with the country taking control of people’s lives it led to industrialization - communism being a big influence to how railroads were established in Asia. The normal old U.S stuck their heads where it didn’t belong which was in Korea and Vietnam due to threats that they were going to reform their government based on communism and led to it’s own guerilla fighting style which provoked rioting in Vietnam.
In Europe the effects of war caused a change in the social life in Europeans. There were soon revolutionist going against European policies especially from Germany. These revolutionist attempted resistance movements in Europe. Civilians seemed to have it worse because the effect of war left them with shortages in food, oil and even medicine. One positive effect of war in Europe was the seeking of genius scientists like Albert Einstein to help with rocket inventions like spacecraft technology.
Even before the war there were a lot of deaths present so the effect of war in Africa was nothing new to what was happening before - no issues were confronted and attempted to make change. Africa has a huge famine so a lot of people in Africa go hungry and starve. There have been questions asking whether it's the media portraying such negative images of such things but they believe aid is not the answer to the post war effects of Africa.
After world war 2, most of eastern Europe was under the control of the Soviet Union while western Europe was controlled by the Allied Powers. The Soviet Union tried to liberate Europe from the Nazism that ruled over them in world war 2 and as a result, the Soviet Union were able to enforce communism amongst other European countries. They established puppet governments as well as nations that worked as satellites for Russia which would later on be known as the “Iron Curtain”. Democracy was established in Western Europe thanks to the allies while Eastern Europe was dictated by the Soviet Union. Among these countries were Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria where communism was able to flourish because all non communist parties and leaders were killed off.
The US became the Soviet Union’s enemies during the cold war because the ever increasing “Iron Curtain” of the Soviet Union were becoming a concern for the US as well as other western countries. Although there was never official military conflict between the US and the Soviet Union(hence the name “Cold War”), the two countries did go head to head with each other via military aircrafts during the Korean War, the civil war in between North and South Korea in which the Soviet Union supported the North while the US supported the South.
Works Cited: http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/coldwar/p/prcoldwar101.htm
China During the Cold war the Unite States were worried about the communist countries spreading their influences all over Europe. China was one of the countries that the United States was worried about because it was now under the control of Mao Zedong a power hungry, ruthless ruler. In world War 2 the nationalist government of China who was under the control by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist party conducted a Civil war while they were also fighting the Japanese. The United State was supported the nationalist government due to the fact Chiang Kai-shek was an old ally of the United States. They stopped supporting him when they realised how corrupted and hopeless The Chinese government was. When the Civil War was and Mao Zedong won and said he supported The Soviet Union, The United States concern grew tremendously. This told the United States that the spears of communism were spreading uncontrollably. Another event that place the United States and China on bad terms was when MacArthur went and attain the support of the people to go and bomb China and allowing Chiang Kai-shek to invade the mainlands. The president removed him from his duties and gave them to General Matthew Ridgeway. McArthur was also charged with insubordination. Due to this event the stakes were high in the war and the US government efforts were limited. This cause many citizens to act out and the president lost any of the US citizen support, which went down to 24 percent. This percent was the lowest of all the presidents that had ever taken office in the US.
Korea Due to the Korean War the United States and China were not on great terms. When the allied forces went and freed Korea from the control of the Japanese,and divided it into two parts North and South Korea near the 38th parallel. As the Cold War progressed the line between the two part of Korea became inflexible with alot tension. When the North korean military went and crossed the 38th parallel to fight the South during June of 1950. The US Present at the time president Truman said that the North Was under the Soviets control. This made sense since the United States were supporting the South. Now there was rivalry between the North occupied by Russia South Korea occupied by the United States. Middle East The middle East was impacted by the Cold War because it was the large oil producing region. During 1946 the region was viewed as defenseless, when the Soviets failed to keep their promise and remove themselves from Iran Just as the US and Britain did. When the president saw that the Soviet was mobilizing tanks into Iran instead the US decided to fight them after the conflict the soviets left Iran.
Compare and contrast between Europe and Asia and the middle East When compared the Cold War effects in Asia and the with Europe it seems that Russia had more supporters in Europe due to the spread of its spheres of influence and in Asia because China sided with Russia when it became fully communist under Mao.And North Korea due to the aid that Russia provided them after the division that created the North the South of Korea. Each was supported by one of the two conflicting countries the US withe the South and Russia with the North. The middle East played the role of neutral at some point because neither the US or Russia was aloud to control it and its resources.
Democratic States -- Challenges and Responses 1. Asia -- In the late 1980s, South Korea formed a democratic government and became one of the world’s top high-tech manufacturing economies. Before all these success, South Korea had been annexed by Japan, devastated by Second World War and the Korean War and lastly been in military dictatorship for decades. By 1940s, land reforms was the economic factor and it is important for growth and peace. In India, lack of land reforms caused many communist revolution. In Korea, land reforms helped built middle class. In here, the US helped by forcing Japanese landowners out and redistributed the lands to people. In 1960s, South Korea’s economy was still poor and under North Korea. Park Chung-hee pressure the country and took the country to free markets and it opened the economy and to trade with the world. Park Chung-hee also strengthen the relationship between the US and Japan. There was a time where the 60% of the investment are from the US. Literacy also an important factor in South Korea’s growth. In South Korea, they makes their citizens to get education, gave them lands to grow plants to help the country’s economy and open up trade with other countries.
2. Africa -- In 1994, ANC won the first democratic election in South Africa. Later, the ANC, National party and Inkatha formed a coalition government and the purpose of the government was to turn South Africa into a democratic states. Also a constitution assembly was formed to created Bill of Rights for the country. During the 1999 election, ANC won the Democratic Party. Some reasons why the ANC won was because they had many partners like the Tripartite Alliance and between theses groups tension were arise due to the future direction of economic policies. In 1994, the Reconstructive and Development Programme(RDP) was chosen as the socio-economic programme to help improve South Africa’s society to become more equal and build strong democracy. The RDP had five main policies: to created strong economy, well develop human resource for South Africans, created peaceful society means no discrimination towards anyone, develop a successful democratic states, society and economy for South Africans. The RDP also created a welfare system to help elders, foster, disables and all others people that are poor could not afford for basic living. The programme also provided free healthcare and giving out free meals to poors. One big problem happened in that time was the apartheid and it lead to the occurrence of political, social and economic challenges. The apartheid was so awful because it created so many troubles for the country and once again lead to discrimination and unfairness happened. The problems that were caused by the apartheid are increase of unemployment, discrimination, education and health care system were poor and weak. Lastly, the ANC and leadership of Nelson Mandela had helped to change the situation to transform the country and abolish apartheid.
Work Cited: -- Africa Packet (giving in class) --http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-africa’s-key-economic-policies-changes-1994-2013, --http://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/socio-economic-problems-facing-africa-insights-from-six-aprm-country-review-reports --http://www.quora.com/How-did-South-Korea-develop-so-fast-both-in-economy-and-culture
Africa: The black market gun ran in africa which consisted of explosives, light weapons, small firearms and ammunition. Slavery was also used over a period of time as people were used in fights.
Asia/middle east: propaganda, guerilla warfare, machine guns, barbed wires, etc. were practiced during war against the enemy. pretty much the practices were similar to the ones in europe.
Europe: Military training, propaganda, etc a lot of weapons were used such as artillery. Basically people were trained to use a lot of armed forces and trained for war or combat.
Junior Fanfan Ms. Noce IB History Cold War in the Middle East and Asia
Cold War in the Middle East The Middle East is a region to which the superpowers attached great significance and in which they evidenced great interest. The United States and the Soviet Union became the major external powers of consequence in the Middle East in the period since the end of World War II but particularly since the mid-1950s and the retirement of British and French influence from the region. The superpowers had similar and conflictinginterests and their policies often clashed, but they avoided direct conflict while their respective clients were involved in war. The Middle East has been an important area in the foreign policy of most United States administrations since World War II, and Soviet interest and activity in the region has elicited a variety of American policy responses. The first significant official United States policy statement concerning the Middle East came after World War II, in the form of the Truman Doctrine of 1947. It argued, simply, that there was a Soviet and communist threat in Greece and Turkey and, to a lesser extent, in Iran. Since no other Western state was in a position to help protect these countries from the threat, it fell upon the United States to assume that role. This established a pattern that has been followed with surprising consistency since that time. The threat of a Soviet challenge was identified and no alternative power was prepared to meet the challenge. The United States responded and sought to restrict Soviet actions in the zone directly threatened. In its response, the United States indicated a willingness to employ military force if necessary to deal with the problem. The Truman Doctrine was followed by the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957 that focused on the Arab-Israeli sector of the Middle East. Work cited http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/ussovme.htm
William Reis
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms.Noce
4/30/15
Topic 3: Origin and development of Authoritarian and Single Party States (Italy & Germany)
ITALY:
- Italy was under the control of the Prime Minister, Luigi Facta who was failing as a prime minister and letting the Fascists slowly take over.
- After the end of World War One, Benito Mussolini created a group of socialists and patriotics. Their purpose was to promise the public a revolution, proportional representation, woman’s right and divide properties that are private held by states within Italy. (This was in 1919)
- In 1919, the group led by Mussolini attacked the offices in Italy and people thought that that was the time where The group started to show signs of failing.
- After that happened, Mussolini started to call his group the National Fascist Party.
- He took over Italy in 1925 when King Victor Emanuel the Third asked him to take over the country and kind of restore it.
- Italy was now a country that was very under the control of the Government, and Italy was now very much like a Communist country.
GERMANY:
- Germany at the time after the first world war, was at its worst economy, millions of people weren’t employed, no jobs were being created at the time, Germany was humiliated.
- Before Hitler, the Weimar Republic was in control of Germany and as I mentioned early, the public was not satisfied with it at all and this is when Hitler took the opportunity to make his appearance.
- It all started when Hitler joined the Worker’s Party, he saw this as the only way for him to reach the top. With his strong anti-antisemitism acts, the party eventually became a strong influence anti-antisemitism group.
- After years, Hitler was able to gain more seats in the government, making the Nazi party the biggest with over 230 seats. People were opposing Hitler because he was a very persuasive speaker, people liked him because he promised to overturn the treaty of Versailles and industries in Germany gave Hitler a lot of support. People wanted to see Germany move forward and that's exactly what Hitler promised to the public
Jalexis Ruiz
ReplyDeleteIB World History 12
Ms.Noce
Paper 2 review
In Europe nationalism was a very important factor for them. One minor issue was that there had been a “wave of romantic nationalism” that had whipped away the European main land. During World War 2 it had been really bad for Poland and they had a lot of issues. I found out that with each post- war it would help find the identity. One thing about that is that it had been different for the Central of Europe. For them it was like no communist party was strong enough to challenge the “hegemony”. There also had been some “re-organizing” done for Central Europe. Czechoslovakia was the one that made the high demands. At the end what happens is that all of the communist come to takeover all of the Central and Eastern after the war. One fact that I notice was that when the communist took over they only one’s that was left had been Poland. Due to the Western of Europe the soviets had to satisfy an acceptance of the “new Curzon” which then had lead the Eastern part to lose 70,000 Square miles in Russia. Central had went by the Stalinist transformation, and what they had caused was bad “famines”. The three leaders were Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. After the Nazi Germany’s had given up, the Red Army and other party had then started to control the Eastern part of Europe. At the end of all of this Both the Central and Eastern of Europe had no longer been connected by an enemy.
Work Cited:
http://www.internationalschoolhistory.net/central_eastern_europe/1945-1953.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/europe_in_1945.htm
Erick Volquez
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms. Noce
Topic 3: Origin and development of Authoritarian single Party States In Africa
EGYPT:
1950’s Egypt was under the Nationalist Union which was a single party state but then fell from power as it wasn’t providing the people’s needs.
In 1962 The Arab Socialist Union rose as the first Authoritarian single party state of Egypt.
Gamal Abder Nasser was the Prime minister of Egypt at the time. He felt like if the country was ruled under one single party, it would be more accessible for the people to come and file any form of need complaint etc.
Since the Socialist single party was popular, Nasser seeked to have more control in the country by reducing land ownership, shutting down private industries, private money funds transferred to the general public bank and making it accessible for those with need to get aid and be helped.
Nasser’s time as prime minister brought well fortune (Compared to how Egypt was) as everything was being controlled under one single party state
Most of the time, single party states under one ruler turn into a totalitarian political structure and out of that comes a tyranny or dictatorship; but for Egypt, this was not the case.
After Nasser’s death, Anwar Sadat, the new leader of the Socialist Union tried to reform the socialist idealism but this caused a division. in 1978, Egypt’s government was now composed of The Egyptian Independent movement (EIM) and the Arab Socialist Union (ASU) breaking out of the single party state.
SUDAN:
In 1971, The (SSU) Sudanese Socialist Union was created and was the countries single party from 1971 to 1985.
The single party was under the regime of Gaafar Nimeiry.
The (SSU) primary goal was enhance the economical structure of the country but under the regime of Gaafar Nimeiry, Sudan was simply under famine and the poverty level was not decreasing.
The money that was funded by the country and for the country was being privately used to fund Nimeiry and His family. The (SSU) was taken down in 1985 when they assassinated Nimeiry.
Another Single party came to power after this in 1985 called the Sudanese Democratic Socialist Union which is still the single party of Sudan present day.
WORK CITED:
“Socialist Union To Launch Its Political Platform.” - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).” Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
“Egypt.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
“Arab Socialist Union (Egypt).”Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 4 May 2015.
Victor Harris
ReplyDeleteI.B History 12
M.s Noce
4.4.15
The Causes part:
Africa: There were decades of conflicts that happen in Africa. This also goes with the starving children in famine. There was also a problem with the missing dollars that never made it's way there.
Asia/Middle East: For asia was the simple belief that America had a communism and would spread throughout east asia. For the Middle East was the trigger of declaration of Israel independence which happened in 1948,Zionism and the Arab nationalism.
Europe:Was the invasion of Poland, but later brought Poland into the war but was suppose to be fake. Also fascism with the fall of the economy, believe in inequality. And also the power of the Nazi which also came with the rise of Hitler.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteGermairy Roman
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History 12
5/5/15
Democratic States Challenges and Responses
Europe
Countries that were located in the Mediterranean became dependent of European Economic Community in an economically wise. Ultimately, this situation was beneficial for Europe. 50% of the exports that came from the Mediterranean countries went to countries of the European Economic Community. Mediterranean countries eventually joined the EEC. There were six countries that founded the European Economic Community. Those countries were: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Later on in 1973, Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined. The 1980s brought along Greece, Spain, and Portugal. As time went on, the Community continued to expand. Former East Germany joined in after the reunification of Germany in 1990. After the Cold War ended, the policy and atmosphere in Europe changed because the Soviet communism presence was wearing away. Democratic states in Eastern Europe were able to open their markets and decide on rules of law without the invasiveness of Soviet communism.
Middle East
The creation of a democratic state in the Middle East did not seem likely because of dictatorships. A democratic culture would need to be created in order to build a democracy. The idea of a democracy in the Middle East was strengthened after the 9/11 attacks. George W. Bush brought American aid to the Middle East but it was not in order to promote the idea of democracy. Even though the USA was aiding the Middle East region, they had no intention in changing Arab Regimes. The US and other powers in the West supported reform but were not thinking of changing Arab ideals. The reason for this was the US’ and other Western powers’ fear of a being taken over by a radical islamist group.
Works Cited
DEBATTISTA, ANDRÉ P. "The Challenges of Europe and the Mediterranean."Http://one-europe.info/. N.p., 31 May 2013. Web.
Hamid, Shadi. "The Struggle For Middle East Democracy." The Struggle For Middle East Democracy. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2015.
Carlos Callejas
ReplyDeletePaper 2 Review
Middle East:
Iraq:
Saddam Hussein rose to power with the Ba’ath party, although not originally their leader. He was involved in a coup in 1956 against the monarchy. Once the Ba’ath Party was in power, he planned to assassinate the leader, Abdel-Karim Qasid. His plan was discovered and he went to exile. He returned to Iraq in 1963, and was jailed after the Ba’ath Party got overthrown. He was released in 1968 when, once again, the Ba’ath took Iraq again. Through ruthless power and brutal determination, he rose to the Revolutionary Command Council. He was responsible for imprisoning, torturing, and killing any dissidents. He did not become a president until 1979, when he forced the president out.
Yemen:
Before being unified, Yemen was divided between North and South Yemen. Ali Abdullah Saleh was the leader of North Yemen, a republican, conservative Yemen, while the South was Soviet-influenced and thus Communist. Saleh got to rise to power mainly thanks to family connections and influence within the higher ranks of the Hashid tribal confederation and even the military. He was elected president of North Yemen in 1978, when president Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi was assassinated. However, he had to share power with military and tribal leaders for a while. Much like Stalin, he replaced key military and government members with those who would support him, his family, ensuring their dominance in Yemen.
WORKS CITED
Butt, Gerald. "Saddam Hussein-his Rise to Power." BBC News. BBC, 17 Nov. 1998. Web. 6 May 2015.
Transfeld, Mareike. "The Yemeni Military and Saleh's Rise To Power." Muftah. Muftah, 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 6 May 2015.
Naomie Bourdeau
ReplyDeleteIB World History
Ms.Noce
May,5,2015
Topic 5: Cold War
Region: Africa and Middle East, Europe
Africa: Most of Africa was still under the British Controls. The British did maintain authority over three main territories which was Swaziland, Basutoland, and Bechuanaland. Most of these territories had to deal with external affairs which was under the power of the British. Not only there was some British territories that was being owned, but there was some British colonies that was being spread out among Africa.
Majority of South-Africa had "newly established "United nations. So that meant they had been confirmed with a incorporation around the 1950's. Meaning that there were a lot of nationalist that was rooming around but not a affirmative leader was being in charge, except for the white rulers.
Not only there was effects on the land of Africa, but there were affects also politically. This effect was most on Central Africa, the regional dynamics has been changed completely into a more complex way. The borders were split into half and conflicts raised up against the national board. There was a lot of violence and killing.
Works Cited
http://www.historytoday.com/je-spence/southern-africa-cold-war
http://www.mo.be/en/article/effects-end-cold-war-central-african-politics-how-cold-war-turned-very-hot-one
War in Asia greatly affected China, Korea and also Vietnam. China’s government began releasing policies that let them seize control over a large majority of the population. Within this control of the population came fear within the people who eventually tried to flee and leave the country. This soon became known as “Escape from Red China” but even with the country taking control of people’s lives it led to industrialization - communism being a big influence to how railroads were established in Asia. The normal old U.S stuck their heads where it didn’t belong which was in Korea and Vietnam due to threats that they were going to reform their government based on communism and led to it’s own guerilla fighting style which provoked rioting in Vietnam.
ReplyDeleteIn Europe the effects of war caused a change in the social life in Europeans. There were soon revolutionist going against European policies especially from Germany. These revolutionist attempted resistance movements in Europe. Civilians seemed to have it worse because the effect of war left them with shortages in food, oil and even medicine. One positive effect of war in Europe was the seeking of genius scientists like Albert Einstein to help with rocket inventions like spacecraft technology.
Even before the war there were a lot of deaths present so the effect of war in Africa was nothing new to what was happening before - no issues were confronted and attempted to make change. Africa has a huge famine so a lot of people in Africa go hungry and starve. There have been questions asking whether it's the media portraying such negative images of such things but they believe aid is not the answer to the post war effects of Africa.
Workcited:
http://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Cold-War-affect-Asia
http://www.britannia.com/history/euro/3/4_2.html
http://www.globalissues.org/article/84/conflicts-in-africa-introduction
Samantha Foster
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms.Noce
5-5-15
Europe during the cold war
After world war 2, most of eastern Europe was under the control of the Soviet Union while western Europe was controlled by the Allied Powers. The Soviet Union tried to liberate Europe from the Nazism that ruled over them in world war 2 and as a result, the Soviet Union were able to enforce communism amongst other European countries. They established puppet governments as well as nations that worked as satellites for Russia which would later on be known as the “Iron Curtain”. Democracy was established in Western Europe thanks to the allies while Eastern Europe was dictated by the Soviet Union. Among these countries were Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria where communism was able to flourish because all non communist parties and leaders were killed off.
The US became the Soviet Union’s enemies during the cold war because the ever increasing “Iron Curtain” of the Soviet Union were becoming a concern for the US as well as other western countries. Although there was never official military conflict between the US and the Soviet Union(hence the name “Cold War”), the two countries did go head to head with each other via military aircrafts during the Korean War, the civil war in between North and South Korea in which the Soviet Union supported the North while the US supported the South.
Works Cited:
http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/coldwar/p/prcoldwar101.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/45-50.htm
http://alphahistory.com/coldwar/
Dinia Clairveaux
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History
5/3/15
Cold War in Asia and the Middle East
China
During the Cold war the Unite States were worried about the communist countries spreading their influences all over Europe. China was one of the countries that the United States was worried about because it was now under the control of Mao Zedong a power hungry, ruthless ruler. In world War 2 the nationalist government of China who was under the control by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist party conducted a Civil war while they were also fighting the Japanese. The United State was supported the nationalist government due to the fact Chiang Kai-shek was an old ally of the United States. They stopped supporting him when they realised how corrupted and hopeless The Chinese government was. When the Civil War was and Mao Zedong won and said he supported The Soviet Union, The United States concern grew tremendously. This told the United States that the spears of communism were spreading uncontrollably.
Another event that place the United States and China on bad terms was when MacArthur went and attain the support of the people to go and bomb China and allowing Chiang Kai-shek to invade the mainlands. The president removed him from his duties and gave them to General Matthew Ridgeway. McArthur was also charged with insubordination. Due to this event the stakes were high in the war and the US government efforts were limited. This cause many citizens to act out and the president lost any of the US citizen support, which went down to 24 percent. This percent was the lowest of all the presidents that had ever taken office in the US.
Korea
Due to the Korean War the United States and China were not on great terms. When the allied forces went and freed Korea from the control of the Japanese,and divided it into two parts North and South Korea near the 38th parallel. As the Cold War progressed the line between the two part of Korea became inflexible with alot tension. When the North korean military went and crossed the 38th parallel to fight the South during June of 1950. The US Present at the time president Truman said that the North Was under the Soviets control. This made sense since the United States were supporting the South. Now there was rivalry between the North occupied by Russia South Korea occupied by the United States.
Middle East
The middle East was impacted by the Cold War because it was the large oil producing region. During 1946 the region was viewed as defenseless, when the Soviets failed to keep their promise and remove themselves from Iran Just as the US and Britain did. When the president saw that the Soviet was mobilizing tanks into Iran instead the US decided to fight them after the conflict the soviets left Iran.
Compare and contrast between Europe and Asia and the middle East
When compared the Cold War effects in Asia and the with Europe it seems that Russia had more supporters in Europe due to the spread of its spheres of influence and in Asia because China sided with Russia when it became fully communist under Mao.And North Korea due to the aid that Russia provided them after the division that created the North the South of Korea. Each was supported by one of the two conflicting countries the US withe the South and Russia with the North. The middle East played the role of neutral at some point because neither the US or Russia was aloud to control it and its resources.
Mu Ying Yu
ReplyDeleteIB World History
Ms. Noce
May 5, 2015
Democratic States -- Challenges and Responses
1. Asia
-- In the late 1980s, South Korea formed a democratic government and became one of the world’s top high-tech manufacturing economies. Before all these success, South Korea had been annexed by Japan, devastated by Second World War and the Korean War and lastly been in military dictatorship for decades. By 1940s, land reforms was the economic factor and it is important for growth and peace. In India, lack of land reforms caused many communist revolution. In Korea, land reforms helped built middle class. In here, the US helped by forcing Japanese landowners out and redistributed the lands to people. In 1960s, South Korea’s economy was still poor and under North Korea. Park Chung-hee pressure the country and took the country to free markets and it opened the economy and to trade with the world. Park Chung-hee also strengthen the relationship between the US and Japan. There was a time where the 60% of the investment are from the US. Literacy also an important factor in South Korea’s growth. In South Korea, they makes their citizens to get education, gave them lands to grow plants to help the country’s economy and open up trade with other countries.
2. Africa
-- In 1994, ANC won the first democratic election in South Africa. Later, the ANC, National party and Inkatha formed a coalition government and the purpose of the government was to turn South Africa into a democratic states. Also a constitution assembly was formed to created Bill of Rights for the country. During the 1999 election, ANC won the Democratic Party. Some reasons why the ANC won was because they had many partners like the Tripartite Alliance and between theses groups tension were arise due to the future direction of economic policies. In 1994, the Reconstructive and Development Programme(RDP) was chosen as the socio-economic programme to help improve South Africa’s society to become more equal and build strong democracy. The RDP had five main policies: to created strong economy, well develop human resource for South Africans, created peaceful society means no discrimination towards anyone, develop a successful democratic states, society and economy for South Africans. The RDP also created a welfare system to help elders, foster, disables and all others people that are poor could not afford for basic living. The programme also provided free healthcare and giving out free meals to poors. One big problem happened in that time was the apartheid and it lead to the occurrence of political, social and economic challenges. The apartheid was so awful because it created so many troubles for the country and once again lead to discrimination and unfairness happened. The problems that were caused by the apartheid are increase of unemployment, discrimination, education and health care system were poor and weak. Lastly, the ANC and leadership of Nelson Mandela had helped to change the situation to transform the country and abolish apartheid.
Work Cited:
-- Africa Packet (giving in class)
--http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-africa’s-key-economic-policies-changes-1994-2013,
--http://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/socio-economic-problems-facing-africa-insights-from-six-aprm-country-review-reports
--http://www.quora.com/How-did-South-Korea-develop-so-fast-both-in-economy-and-culture
Sources
ReplyDeletehttp://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1994/postwar-america/the-cold-war-in-asia-and-the-middle-east.php
William Portorreal
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms.noce
Practices of war
Africa: The black market gun ran in africa which consisted of explosives, light weapons, small firearms and ammunition. Slavery was also used over a period of time as people were used in fights.
Asia/middle east: propaganda, guerilla warfare, machine guns, barbed wires, etc. were practiced during war against the enemy. pretty much the practices were similar to the ones in europe.
Europe: Military training, propaganda, etc a lot of weapons were used such as artillery. Basically people were trained to use a lot of armed forces and trained for war or combat.
workscited: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_warfare
http://education.cambridge.org/media/577134/history_for_the_ib_diploma__causes__practices_and_effects_of_wars___cambridge_education___cambridge_samples.pdf
Junior Fanfan
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History
Cold War in the Middle East and Asia
Cold War in the Middle East
The Middle East is a region to which the superpowers attached great significance and in which they evidenced great interest. The United States and the Soviet Union became the major external powers of consequence in the Middle East in the period since the end of World War II but particularly since the mid-1950s and the retirement of British and French influence from the region. The superpowers had similar and conflictinginterests and their policies often clashed, but they avoided direct conflict while their respective clients were involved in war.
The Middle East has been an important area in the foreign policy of most United States administrations since World War II, and Soviet interest and activity in the region has elicited a variety of American policy responses. The first significant official United States policy statement concerning the Middle East came after World War II, in the form of the Truman Doctrine of 1947. It argued, simply, that there was a Soviet and communist threat in Greece and Turkey and, to a lesser extent, in Iran. Since no other Western state was in a position to help protect these countries from the threat, it fell upon the United States to assume that role. This established a pattern that has been followed with surprising consistency since that time. The threat of a Soviet challenge was identified and no alternative power was prepared to meet the challenge. The United States responded and sought to restrict Soviet actions in the zone directly threatened. In its response, the United States indicated a willingness to employ military force if necessary to deal with the problem. The Truman Doctrine was followed by the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957 that focused on the Arab-Israeli sector of the Middle East.
Work cited http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/ussovme.htm