- Imperial Russian, Revolutions, emergence of Soviet State 1853-1924
Significance of the Russo-Japanese War; 1905 Revolution; Stolypin and the Duma; the impact of the First World War on Russia.
Russo-Japanese War - The Russo Japanese War started on February 8 in 1904, a battle between the Russians and Japanese, the whole reason for the fight was due to Russia’s desire to expand their territory towards Korea and Manchuria.
- The war itself isn’t the most remarkable war in the history of Europe, it is because it's not important not only militarily but politically as well
- The Japanese won the battle, the Russian naval force were taking multiple hits from Japan causing one of the most important commanders of that time, Stepan Makarov to die.
- Japan was very successful when it came to fighting Russians on the sea, but when it came to land, not so much, but Japan gave in their very best to ensure no land was taken from Japan
- The victory of the Japanese, led the continents of Asia and Africa to build up Nationalism.
- At the same time in Russia, the war kind of led to the Russian revolution of 1917. It also showed how weak the autocracies were back then and that eventually all of the autocracies would be overthrown.
1905 Revolution - The 1905 Revolution was a wave of political and social movement that was eventually all over the Russian Empire. Most of the movement were for the opposition of the government.
- The main causes for the revolution were the problems that came from Agrarias, the nationality, labor and education. These problems were motives for a revolution in Russia.
- In 1905, a series of events from workers that complained about the radical economy in Russia, and socialists saw this as a rising revolution or in other words, they could feel the revolution coming soon.
- Towards the end of 1904, Liberals started to call for a political reform which led for the foundation of a constitution. Moscow passed a resolution which demanded a legislature, freedom for the media and freedom for religion as well
- On the same month, December, a very big strike led by industrial workers, they pretty much shut down the city in which by the next year in 1905, the city had no electricity and they were pretty much in state of emergency.
- Tsar was now in control of Russia after being favored by the public due to reforms that he actually managed to achieve.
- As a follow up, the creation of the three Dumas and the october manifesto as well which served as an creation of the constitution of Russia in 1906.
STOLYPIN AND THE DUMA - There was a total of three dumas, the first was from 1905-1906, the second was only 3 months longs; being the shortest and the third at last as in 1907. Peter Stolypin was first, the governor of Grodno, Minister of the interior and Prime minister from 1906 till 1911.
- So the way Dumas was elected was quite unfair, “1 gentry: 3.6 townspeople: 15 peasants: 45 workers. The very first Duma dealt with ending the outrageous violence, the second one was meant to not give power for representatives who were somewhat opposing the Tsar rule. Finally the last one really just focused on the wealthy side of Russia.
- Peter Stolypin was someone who worked with Dumas two and three, he also introduced multiple reforms to Russia.
- Some of his reforms includes: Agriculture, political, educational and religious reforms.
- A new court system was now introduced allowing arrest to be made or determined faster.
THE IMPACT OF WWI ON RUSSIA - The first World War had an impact on society in Russia. The war itself actually bought the mainstream problems like, political, economy, military, etc to its first thing on the list. - The division of resources between the military and the actual population was not divided the right way. Food shortages was now a problem, people now had to pay more taxes because of the war.
- Inflation was now a problem for the population, not only on top of this that food was short for everyone, now the food costs even more due to inflation.
- Russia even though it was the largest country during World War I, it had the least amount of soldiers with only 8.8% of its population compared to Germany which was 20.5%.
- Now when it came to economy, Russia was not ready for war, it was still a country that was not moving forward. Also, Russia was very unorganized compared to other countries.
WORK CITED
"Your 60-second Guide to the Russo-Japanese War." History Extra. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Russian Revolution of 1905." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Stolypin and the Duma." Prezi.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Effects of WWI on Russia." 2012 History oF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
Collective security; appeasement in the interwar years; the failure of international diplomacy; the outbreak of war in 1939.
Collective security is when a groups of nations join together and agree not to attack one another (so that there is peace) and to defend each other. This is a form of a coalition building strategy. There was a group formed based right off this strategy called the League of Nations brought together for international diplomacy. This group was made after WW1 (World War One) so that another war like that would never happen again - their job was to stop world wars from occurring. The outbreak of war again was bound to come sooner or later around 1933 -1939. This outbreak of war was coming closer and closer because of built up tension within the nations. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany after WW1 and made it clear that he was going to make a comeback for Germany. This is where the League of Nations failed with the international diplomacy, instead of stopping Hitler they let him do what he wanted. Which was building back up alliances and regaining control of land (this asses the interwar years). Hitler began reforming the army and recruiting people for a larger army- Hitler was not allowed to do this yet the League of Nations let it happen anyway. It was clear that Adolf Hitler had intentions of rebuilding fallen Germany after WW1 although it was stated in the treaty that he cannot and how Germany were limited to certain things. Once Hitler had his army and marched out of Germany towards Poland, Britain and France hurried to form an alliance with Poland. In fact, Britain had tried to buy the land from Stalin but was unsuccessful. So instead as a substitute Britain and France said they would supply military support if Germany (Hitler) invaded them.
Jalexis Ruiz IB World History 12 Ms. Noce Paper 3 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-1964
Nikita Khrushchev was a Russian politician that led the Soviet Union during the Cold war. Khrushchev was the first secretary of the communist party’s in the soviet union from 1953-64. One important fact that I found about Khrushchev is that he went along with the Joseph stalin purges. In my research I found that it was like they were working together, the reason for that is because Stalin had sent Khrushchev to “ukraine” and he continued to purge there. Khrushchev had been one of Stalin's most advisers. When Joseph Stalin passed away back in 1953 the struggle of power started. There was a man named Georgi Malenkov that was the “first secretary ” that Khrushchev had wanted him to give up his post as the first secretary of the communist party's. Georgi had been Stalin's first adviser when it came to the purges. But then later in those days Beria wanted to change things up and handle all of the problems in order to control the government. Then it all fell back onto Khrushchev, him and Beria worked together he told them that the “ head of the police” had been trying to take all of the power. Georgi Malenkov tried his best to stay in the lead with Khrushchev but the both had been trying their very best to gain power. Another important fact about this is Nikita had been more successful than Malenkov. Nikita just made everything better by expanding his power for being the “first secretary” of the communist party. De-Stalinization was a political reform that took place after the death of Joseph Stalin. This was a cause that changed and removed things that had help Stalin to hold his power. The reason he created the de-stalinization was because he wanted to make his “enemies” from the communist party to be out of the picture.Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was applied by the Soviet Union during the Cold war. What he wanted to do with the peaceful coexistence was that he want to pursue peace between the United states. Khrushchev had domestic policies. He created a lot of reforms while he was in power. One thing I noticed was that he had wanted his policies to be some what like the U.S policies.
Like I said before he wanted to be in peace with them so he seen it as lets do things the same way. Then a major thing that he did was to stop being so strict with his policies. For example the stuff he has did were “lessing the amount of censorship, decentralizing the economy, and made a council”. The council was to discuss the reforms. He wanted to even reforms for Russian “education” a lot of people seen this as a good thing. What I have found for agriculture for Khrushchev was that he did influence so many things which was a good thing. One of his big things with the agriculture was that he did a huge land- based expansion, meaning he made things bigger and better. Doing all of that was what helped him rise to power. He also made economic reforms. The stuff that he did were that he made a seven year plan that mainly focused on “coal, oil, and etc.” With this policy it was a good look for him because he was helping people out which was totally different from what Stalin had been doing. The foreign relations between Hungary,Cuba, and China were that there were a “ Hungarian predicament in 1956, the Berlin ultimatum in 1958, and the Cuban missile crisis in 1962”. There had been more freedom in Hungary since Khrushchev introduced the “de-stalinization”. Khrushchev then backed down from the Cuban missile crisis, and for China he had been very soft with the west and they did not like it at all, and for Berlin after him being so soft with China it “provoked” Berlin to the end.
Work Cited: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/Power%20Struggle%20After%20Stalins%20Death.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/michelle-van-sleet/ http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/khruschev%20domestic%20policies.htm http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/Khruschev%20economic%20and%20agricultural%20policies.htm http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/khruschev%20foreign%20relations.htm
Carlos Callejas Paper 3 review 1917 Revolutions: February/March Revolution: Provisional Government and Dual Power (Soviets). The 1917 Revolutions, otherwise simply known as the Russian Revolution, was the result of a series of mismanagements and defeats in wars during Tsar Nicholas II’s rule, which lead to severe discontent among the peasants and industrial workers, the vast majority of Russia. The last straw was the Tsar’s enthusiastic entrance into World War I in 1914, where his hasty reasoning and overconfidence cost Russia thousands of lives, supply and artillery losses, and overtaxed the workers of Russia. By 1915, the Duma (the Russian parliament) began to demand a democratic government, this was met with the dissolution of the Duma by Nicholas II’s order shortly after. As the war continued, famine became much more widespread among the workers and peasants, revolts broke out in Petrograd. The first revolts broke out in February 24th according to the Western Gregorian Calendar, March 8th according to the Julian Calendar used in Russia). Originally, women were the protagonists of the revolts, men (both workers at home and soldiers in the front) eventually joined the revolution. It is worthy to note that the Tsar was not at Petrograd when the revolution started, so he dismissed the reports given to him as an overstatement. On March 12th 1917, a provisional government was set up (made up of the former Duma members) along with the Petrograd Soviet government. The Soviets allowed this dual power rule since they did not feel Russia was prepared for a Socialist revolution and they needed Lenin, their great leader. Despite the Provisional Government’s liberal reforms including the abolishment of the death penalty, freedom of speech and assembly, allowance of unions, and equality under the law; they kept the war effort going. This greatly displeased the peasants and workers, who hoped for this mismanaged war to end. This gave the Soviets an advantage when gaining credibility with the people. Furthering the Soviet advantage over the Provisional Government, their beloved leader Vladimir Lenin returned from exile on April 3rd/16th (Julian). Shortly afterwards, he called for a second revolution to overthrow the Provisional Government for the fact that nothing had been done to end the war and resolve Russia’s domestic issues. This would be the first sign of the coming revolution in October. WORKS CITED: Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Russian Revolution of 1917." Russian Revolution of 1917. About Education, n.d. Web. 10 May 2015. Meissner, Daniel J. "The Russian Revolution of 1917." The Russian Revolution of 1917. Marquette University, n.d. Web. 10 May 2015.
1933-1939 "Domestic" "When Hitler ultimately came into power through the Reichstag fire, he initiated several changes that shifted the current model of democracy towards a dictatorship. The first changes were known as Hitler’s racial policies, which had an enormous effect on people who were not born in Germany but lived inside her boundaries. Terms like ‘inferior races’ and ‘subordinate classes’ were soon to be used as labels for a bulk of the German population who were either homosexual, not in strict conformity with German ideals or political opponents. A major part of Hitler’s domestic policy was to restore the German economy and maximize its efficiency by cartelizing the industry and banking. This puts the economy under governmental control and thus allows German authorities to use an objective approach in order to placate the economic turmoil of WWI. Furthermore, independent labor unions were banned, public works projects initiated and the improvement of consumer products like VW( Volkswagen) emphasized. It was the government’s objective to ‘coordinate’ Germany’s stricken economy as far as possible, seeking continuous growth and lasting profitability. Slavs like Poles were used as an alternative work force in German factories, which gave the military the advantage of having more men available, as slave work freed up men for combat. Putting youth programs into place encouraged young students and children to internalize the ideals of Nazi Germany and flourish in the environment of Church youth groups, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, etc. Youth Groups in colleges and high schools made a great impact and showed how the implemented system of the NSDAP cultivated a new generation of Nazi Germans, vowing unquestioning obedience. Suppressing competing parties led to numerous assassinations, especially on the part of the social democrats, who suffered great losses and were physically eliminated during the Night of the Long Knives. The NSDAP also freed itself from the Versailles Economic restrictions and refused any further payments after their take-over. Hitler was on the one hand easing off credits and on the other, expanding them, which launched a powerful economic recovery and enabled the German people to generally reinvest and rebuild businesses. The main cause of the economic crisis in the first place was a credit crunch and as the NSDAP eliminated this threat by introducing new financial policies, easy credits quickly translated into tremendous job creation and economic expansion. Along with the great depression came a dry period of foreign trade, which induced Hitler to bring in autarkic policies that would support Germany’s economy by freeing it from foreign competition."
"Following the Nazi rise to power, Adolf Hitler's government conducted a foreign policy aimed at the incorporation of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living outside German borders into the Reich; German domination of western Europe; and the acquisition of a vast new empire of "living space" (Lebensraum) in eastern Europe. The realization of German hegemony in Europe, Hitler calculated, would require war, especially in eastern Europe. The "racially inferior" Slavs would either be driven east of the Urals, enslaved, or exterminated. Besides acquiring Lebensraum, Hitler anticipated that the "drive to the East" would destroy Bolshevism.
From 1933–1938, Konstantin von Neurath, a conservative career diplomat, served as German foreign minister. During his tenure, Germany followed a revisionist policy aimed at overcoming the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and seizing the diplomatic initiative from Britain and France. Germany withdrew from the League of Nations; began rapid rearmament; signed a nonaggression pact with Poland; reacquired the Saar territory through a plebiscite; militarily assisted the supporters of Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War; and remilitarized the Rhineland.
From 1938–1945, Joachim von Ribbentrop, a Nazi party member and former ambassador to Great Britain, served as the foreign minister. During these years, Germany strengthened its ties to Fascist Italy and to Japan by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact, which aimed to combat international communism, the Pact of Steel (with Italy), and the wartime Three-Power Agreement (with Italy and Japan).
In 1938, Germany acquired new territories using the threat of war. In February, Hitler pressured Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg into signing the German-Austrian agreement (Berchtesgaden Diktat), which brought Nazis into the Austrian cabinet. The next month, Germany carried out the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria."
Work Cited: http://bsc-ibhistory.wikispaces.com/Nazi+Domestic+Policy
The Spanish civil war begun in 1936 to 1939 because of disputes between the nationalists and the republicans on how the country should be run. The people on the nationalist side were made up of businessmen, the military, landowners and roman catholics. The Nationalists was lead by General Franco who was the leader of the spanish army. While the republicans was led by the president Azana which were made up of middle class and urban workers such as agriculture labourers. The Nationalists received aid from Germany and Italy, and the Republicans received help from Russia and internationals brigades which had volunteers from the U.S and Europe. In July 1936, the Nationalist attacked and gained control in spanish morocco and part of the northern part of Spain. Since the Republicans didn't receive as much aid as the Nationalist they weren't as strong and could only keep fighting for a period of time. Overtime the Nationalist starting taking over republican territories until the Republicans eventually fell apart. The war was bloody and thousands of people died from both sides. When Madrid was captured by the Nationalists the war was over because that was the last piece of territory the Republicans had.
Works Cited: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-War
Erick Volquez IB History 12 Ms. Noce Paper 3 review
Policies of Alexander III (1881-1894) and Nicholas II (1895-1917): backwardness and attempts at modernization; nature of stardom; growth of opposition movements
- Alexander III gathered his ideas to take the throne and become czar of the Russia’s. He came to take the throne After the assassination of Alexander II which was a coronation that was not announced. During his rule, there were three main things that he focused on as his part of his reform. - As a Czar, it was his duty to keep Russia and the provinces under control and not have anyone oppose to his ruling. He brought forward repression of opponents for those who did rise to go against his ruling. This persecution would have different consequences even punishable by death. - Alexander III felt very oppressed with the laws that were passed by his father Alexander II He decided to break the laws and reform that his father left. Some of these were keeping the original colonies with the same power. Alexander had a different view of how Russia and the colonies were being runned under his power’s power. - One of the most important thing that Alexander wanted was to make sure that Russia and his empire had a strong international connection and also rebuild itself every day in both political and good enrichment. This gave Russia and Advantage during his rule for a start up of modernization and as during his father’s time as czar, it was a disgrace and Russia was looked down upon for low international relations and good enrichment. - Nicholas II of Russia had several names which were earned based on the wonders his father did with Russia and the provinces the Tsar had control of. These where “Emperor of Russia, King Of Poland, Grand duke of Finland and the official Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor autocrat of all the Russians. -Like his father, Nicholas wanted to have control of his empire. he began a revolution to oppress those against his ruling. Executions were made of many officials under his command to wish to cease his reign. Nicholas (based on this act) received the name of ‘Bloody Nicholas’ for this massacre. - The Nature of the Tsardom and demanded by discrete Auto Monarchy lead to a revolution which had Nicholas and his family be in prison. On july 17, 1918, Nicholas and his family were executed by Bolsheviks. Among them was Anastasia Nikolaevna, which was rumored that she escaped to america and died here instead of dying alongside the great duke of Russia.
October/November Bolshevik Revolution: Lenin and Trotsky - The Bolshevik revolution in 1917 was started based on Nicholas II duke of Russia’s actions. When he decided to sent peasants to World War I, Russians got very upset on how many lives were killed and decided to convince the nation’s strong hold (soldiers) to put their guns down and reason with them. - After the overthrow of Nicholas II, a provisional government was implanted and those who were in charge of the country where composed of lawyers, capitalist, bankers, and even industrialist. - The bolshevik felt like they wanted to do something about it but needed someone to be in front of them as their goal was to overthrow this government and produce an official government under this new ruler. Lenin came back from exile and joined the Bolshevik party in spring 1917. - The provisional government was immediately aware of this and fought the peasants and the bolsheviks behind this. Lenin went to hide as many peasants died. When things settled, the bolshevik decided to work with the bankers and lawyers in charge of the provisional government; they decided to come in reason and help the peasants and bolshevik. - The provisional government saw this as a threat and decided to act upon it but then ended up with defeat as the bolsheviks rushed into the winter palace and now the world would see a new structured Russia under Lenin. - Lenin came out of the shadows and announced his leadership and began to work with the new and improved government. - Trotsky worked from 1907-1917 under exile in Serbia in political involvement. In 1917, he arrived at Russia and participated in the revolution against the Tsar Nicholas II and was a arrested. A Couple days later, he was released and went back to join the bolshevik party. Trotsky was elected chairman of the party alongside Lenin in the revolution and the new government that was in the uprise. - Trotsky remained faithful to Lenin’s government but as the death of Lenin came in 1922, things changed for Trotsky. It was pretty obvious that the next ruler and person in power was supposed to be Trotsky but as many wanted this position and with Stalin uprise of power, Trotsky was exiled once more and not considered for becoming the leader. - In 1940, soviet agents assassinated Trotsky.
WORK CITED: -“Alexander III.” Alexander III. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
-“Nicholas II Of Russia.”Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
-“The Bolshevik Revolution.”Bolshevik Revolution: 1917. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015. “The Role of Trotsky in the Bolshevik Revolution.” The role of Trotsky in the Bolshevik Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
Mu Ying Yu IB World History 12 Ms. Noce May 12, 2015
Lenin’s Russia (1917-24): consolidation of new Soviet state; Civil War; War Communism; NEP; terror and coercion; foreign relations. 1. Consolidation of new Soviet state -- New Government The government used the name Soviet to gain power and on the other side Lenin wanted to hold on to the power to Bolsheviks. Lenin is hold on the power but no sure this will enforce the decision because they had no money. Lenin found sovnarkom was to keep out Mensheviks and SRs and Lenin himself control the decree without any support or help from Soviet. Lenin also satisfy what the workers wanted. This helped Lenin to gain support from the workers and he is good at gaining power and against the odds. -- Land Ownership During the Kerensky’s Provisional Government, land issues was a big deal and unresolved for farmers. Land decree was established to let farmers take over lands and is ok to be without any compensation. Now the land is belonged to everyone in the country and lands can no longer used to sold, to rented or brought. Lenin was saatify what the farmers wanted but he went against the Bolsheviks’ idea because in fact lands belonged to the government, the state. Its useless to own lands. -- Industry That time was under economic crisis, lots of production are required to produce and the government had controlled over it. But then a workers’ control decree came out and it gave factories the right to controlled and managed over on their own productions. In fact, lots of workers directly controlled the production themselves. There is nothing the government can do to reform. -- Opposition The opposition political parties are the Kadets, Right SRs and Mensheviks. During that time period, many things were happened, for example, Cheka the secret police were founded, opponents got arrested and class warfare started. But later the opposition became weak. -- Other Socialist Parties Socialist parties gave Bolsheviks pressure to structured a democratic government to represent them. The railway union was threatened Lenin to allowed election to go on but the election had collapsed them. Lenin alliance with the left SRs to again gain workers’ supports by working with the left SRs and dissolved other problems that happen now in the country. -- Peace with Germany The country is in a difficult situation of finding a way to end war but without paying the expensive. Lenin needed a peace settlement to help him gain more power. After the Russian army collapsed, Lenin took this as a good opportunity to sign peace treaty with Germany and let them free.
2. Civil War -- The civil war was between 1918 to 1921. This civil war was very multiplex because many forces were join to fight for one big territory. By that time it was also confused due to the undefined sides. In 1918, white forces had a great substantial gains and this put Bolsheviks in a very dangerous situation. Bolsheviks turned to tide and by that time he pushed the white armies to the back till the final defeated. In the other hand, the Red armies had a better position due to their great organization and communications. The one problem that Red armies had was the desertion rate. In this war, Trotsky made a great contribution due to his bravery and abilities to transformed the Red armes. 3. War Communism -- War communism happened because Lenin needed to meet the army requirements and used to create a internal front for the civil war. Lenin saw war communism as a help and the communists saw this as an opportunity to change to socialism. But people don’t like it because it was so terrible. 4. NEP -- NEP was the New Economic Policy in 1921. Some of the old policies were changed. One of them is to abolished the grain requisitioning and replaced with a tax. The tax is better than the requisitioning because the workers only had to paid a little tax and compare to higher requisitioning. Small business were banned before but now reopened to allow businesses to make small profit. Private trade also reopened which means food, goods and other productions are now allowed to trade with different countries. The state still had their controlled on heavy industries, for example the oil, steel and coal. The state also regain controlled on bank and transportation. 5. Terror and coercion -- During that time, the red terror was a state policy under Bolshevik. The red terror was carried by the Cheka, a state institution that work only to the Communist Party Central Committee. Cheka was a political police force that do not follow the laws and instead they created the administered systematic terror arbitrarily. Cheka in Ukraine was very cruel and executions happened a lot. Cheka used as party instrument to produce illegal law and used to solve personal problems and gain personal support. The red terror does not care about anyone’s guilt or innocence. This was a suspect social group and the people all fear of them. Under Joseph Stalin there was another terror. 6. Foreign relations -- From 1917-1918, Lenin believed what Marx said and believe the communist revolution would not survive in Russia if they don’t had a similar revolution in Europe. Later, Russia invaded Poland and wanted to transformed the country into a communist country. During 1918 to 1922, Russia was in a re-integrating time. Many parts of Russia had declared independence. Lenin was on the other side invading countries to restored them into Bolshevik Russia. Baltic Republic was an exception because their independence were insured by other foreign powers. Lenin also tried to use the establishment of Communist International to expose the revolution.
Work cited: --https://sites.google.com/site/ibhistoryrussia/syllabus-overview---imperial-russia/o-consolidation-of-new-soviet-state --http://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/red-terror/ --http://comradejoe.hubpages.com/hub/Pragmatism-and-Ideology-Soviet-Foreign-Policy-Under-Lenin
Stalin’s power struggle was him trying to become the ruler of the Soviet Union. He was competing against Leon Trotsky. After the death of Vladimir Lenin they wanted to fight against each other to see who would prevail as ruler of the Soviet Union. The rivalry between Stalin and Trotsky occurred between 1921-1927. Stalin’s Five Year Plans were first introduced in 1928. They revolved around the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power, and transport. Stalin wanted to increase coal production by 110%, increase iron production by 200%, and increase electrical power by 335%. Stalin claimed that if the Soviet Union did not partake in rapid industrialization then they would not be able to defend themselves if they were to be invaded by capitalist countries in the west. Stalin wanted to change individual farms into grouped farms. He also detested the wealthy (also known as kulaks) and had them deported. About one million Kulak households (approximately 5 million) were deported. Collectivization and industrialization were goals set by Stalin. These goals were for Soviet domestic policies. He wanted to get rid of any sort of capitalism and make the Soviet Union a socialist state. The topic of collectivization can also be connected to his five year plans. He wanted to convert small farms into larger farms. Collectivization freed peasants in order for them to do industrial work. Stalin’s goal to achieve rapid industrialization was fulfilled, but people had to go through struggles because of forced collectivization. The constitution under Stalin used the rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The rules later went through a change when it was ratificatified in 1977. When Stalin created a cult of personality, he used propaganda. His goal was to manipulate the public in order to present himself in a positive light. Stalin wanted people to worship him as a hero. He wanted full control of the media, he censored any newspapers or broadcasts that said negative things about him, and also he had posters and statues made of him that glorified him. Stalin’s use of propaganda can also be connected to his impact on society. Purges were carried out by Stalin’s command. The primary reason for these purges occurring is because there were people who opposed him. Anyone who went against Stalin’s ideas were to be killed. During the years of 1941-1945, the Soviet Union created an alliance with the United States. This alliance was created in order to defeat Nazi Germany.
Works Cited http://bigsiteofhistory.com/the-struggle-for-power-stalin-against-trotsky-1921-1927-between-the-world-wars/ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/coll.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/134169/constitution/22063/Constitutional-change#ref384587 http://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/stalins-cult-of-personality.php https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/us-soviet
My Section The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-1964 -Stalin (1924-53) power struggle; collectivization and industrialization; Five Year Plans; constitution; cult of personality; purges; impact on society; foreign relations to 1941;
Italy 1919-39: Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies
Economic policies During the year 1921 Mussolini wanted to increase to increase productivity in Italy by passing the policy that raised tariffs on foreign imports to decrease rivalry and help the Italian industry. In 1927 the Labor Charter law was passed, which was created to united the government and labour workers. This law made all of Italy's industry into 22 large corporation each corporation of dedicated to one product develop. And all workers were provided with health and accident insurance by the corporation they worked for. No thing that did not change is the fact that the workers could not change the amount of hours they worked, nor could they go on strike. They way they asked for things were through appeals. It was a rare occasion they did not get what they asked for due to the fact that the government and the employers discriminated against them. It provided Italy’s economy with little success. One of the policies that Mussolini created that was successful was the Lateran Treaty this treaty ended conflicts between the Vatican and Italy. During the early years of Italy the papacy was only limited to small buildings in the Vatican the rest was under control by the Italian government.many of the Popes said that they were basically prisoners of the Vatican. Social Policies Mussolini used the secret police to keep order in Italy and also the media as a mechanizing to attack his enemies and promoted his own interest. He also used a great deal of propaganda to promote himself as the Great “Il Duce” meaning the great leader and to indoctrinate the youth to his military and politics. Mussolini portrayed this through youth organizations/ programs and reorganizing the educational system in Italy. During 1923 Mussolini passed consolidated Educational acts that banned books that might contradict his propaganda, which one that were pro fascist and that states the glory, influences and power of Italy. Wars Not only did Mussolini created policies for Italy but he also developed economy wars too. One was called The Battle for Wheat. This was created to increase the amount of wheat that was being produced in Italy. this war forced farmers to care for wheats over all the other crops that they grew, which lead to the lack of vegetation in Italy. Agricultural lands were expanded into crop areas. While grain production grew imports decreased by 75% and so did the imports on other foods. foreign trade of meats, vegetation and other food products increased which rose the market prices in Italy which was very harmful to the economy. Another war that was created by Mussolini was the war of Lira. This war was to increase morale and heightening of Italy’s status nationally and all over the word. Mussolini increased the worth of Italy’s currency the lira. First The Italians went which the idea then they realised the price of foods were more expensive than they were actually were. The war was a complete failure it put many people out of business due to the fact corporations were over powering small businesses. Sources “Silvapages.” Domestic Policies under Benito Mussolini. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
The Great Depression was from 1929-1939. The Great Depression was the longest-lasting and the most depressing economic downfall in the history for the western industrialized world. In the United States the Great depression happened right after the fall of the stock market on October 1929 also known as Black Tuesday, this sent Wall Street into panic very quickly and they wiped out millions of investor. By 1933 when the Great Depression reached it highest between 13 and 15 million people were unemployed and that caused more chaos. Those who were employed during the Great Depression also had problems because the wages fell and the buying power increased. Also many Americans were forced to buy on credit because there was not enough cash. Also many homes were foreclosed and cars were repossessions. The impact of the Great Depression was very awful because the crime rate was rising at a increasing rate. This was happening because so many workers were unemployed that they had no other choice but to rely on theft to put food on the table for their families. Prostitution was also in the rise because women were so despite that they had to sell their bodies for money. Alcoholism was also rising because that was the only escape for many people that were facing the depression. There were also some good things that the Great Depression brought, during the Great Depression the high school attendance rose but for men only because they thought that going to school longer would help them get better jobs after the depression was over. The people that suffered the most during the Great Depression was the minorities such as the African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The white labors started to take the jobs that only minorities would do so they could have some sort of income coming Into their families. Work cited: http://bigmateo0.tripod.com/id2.html http://www.ushistory.org/us/48e.asp http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression
Germany 1919-33: Political, constitutional, economic, financial and social problems.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS -When Kaiser Wilhelm was forced to abdicate his throne Germany had no leader. Germany was left unorganized. -Some people believed Germany should be a democracy. On the other hand, others believed Germany should be communism where everyone is equal. -The political parties were blaming each other for the lost in the war. There was a lot commotion between the parties. ECONOMICAL PROBLEMS -The unemployment rate increase drastically -The poverty was serious. There were many people struggling to get food to feed their families. -Some people died from starvation. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS -Germany printed more money to pay workers and pay their debt. Unfortunately, Hyperinflation started to occur. With Germany copying more money, this brought the value of the money down. -After World War 1, Germany was the one to blame for all the damages. They had to pay around 33 USD billion dollars. -Germany was struggling to pay for the debt because they put a lot of money into the military to make it big and powerful. So when they had to paid that much money they were struggling. SOCIAL PROBLEMS -As a country, Germany blame the government for the signing of the treaty of Versailles. -Germany wanted strict leaders. They wanted strict leaders because they wanted someone who can leader Germany back to where they were and get some Nationalist spirit. -Germany lost any possible alliances with a lot of countries. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS -The constitution gave the president too much power then what he was suppose to have. The president was allowed to kick the chancellor out of power. -The proportional electoral system failed. They system wanted to stop using the wasting votes, this made the splinter parties to increase, which made it difficult to create a stable parliamentary majority. -Even with these problems on the constitution, it still ran. It was said that the German constitution was not the only country with problems in their constitution.
Work cited - http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/the-nazi-rise-to-power/effects-of-ww1-on-germany/
•Alexander 2: (1855-1881) : emancipation of the serfs, military,legal,educational,local government reforms, later reaction.
Emancipation of the serfs
-Many important changes happen during Alexander the Second ruling over Russia. During 1861 “serfdom” was a system that had the peasants of Russia tied to their landlords,that was considered to be slavery. This system had been around since the 17th century, the relationship that the landlord had with the serf was that the landlord had authority over them due to the land. controlling their working skills and their personal lives. Once again that was an act of slavery because the serf was bound to the landlord. It was necessary to end “serfdom” because Alexander saw that he was using it as an excuse for all of Russia’s weaknesses. Imperial russia was still transitioning, and was low economically and socially. So it ended in 1865, and the serfs were free from their landlords and had the right to own their own land. Which meant that they were allowed to trade among their citizens and local people freely if they wanted to.
Miliary
-Alexander the second held a strong military force. He induced many military service universally. Some reforms that he made change some military aspects like expanding the military reserve forces. Not only the forces he expanded but the military system as well. That had an effect because the led to the states being split into 15 different types of military districts. This reform did not acted out so well in the Crimean War.Also he created a different rule for the amount of time a soldier can spend and dedicate to the army. Which went from 25 years to 6 years and he reduce the duties ,but this was done by obligation because the army was expanding. He also got rid of “corporal punishment” because he thought it was not fit into the military system that he was recreating. Other than that, his army was trained very well and rigorously he made budget cuts to go towards the weapons so that the army can use.
Legal
-Alexander reformed his legal system while he ruled over Russia. He wanted to give some people control and freedom. He did not want to rule with the central “bureaucracy”. While he ruled he created a judicial system called “Zemstvo” that basically gave the common peasants to work together and compromise ideas. This judicial system was only in rural areas, it was kind of like a local assembly for the district. It also helped people who could afford medical bills because medical care was provided through this system. Not only medical care, but insurance for anything was provided if you needed it.
-Education was also provided to the lower class who couldn't afford it through “zemstvo”. Alexander the second change some elementary schools to count as a secondary level through the help of a university, which was called “University of Statute of 1863”. That really help the economic growth overall.
Local Government Reforms
• Zemstvo was known for the local government because of all the help they gave to the local citizens. These assemblie that had was consisted of local townspeople,peasants,and even private landlords. They had to get funded some how, so that when Alexander the second took some money from the taxes and divided it and left some money for Zemstvo. The money was used for building of new hospitals,healthcare,and even roads. This was all to help people who indeed needed it. This was to improve the poverty rate that Russia had.
Later Reaction
-Alexander the second was teased by all of these reforms. But he wanted to rebuild Russia to put her on the right track again economically and socially. But these reforms elevated liberal reformers. Al though his changes were very generous and helpful for some, it did not go so well with radicals. They wanted political change on a very intensive level. Due to that, Alexander the Second was actually assassinated by a group of radicals called “Narodnaya” almost got blown by a bomb, but then he was dying. He was brought to the winter palace where he died.
Breakdown of Wartime Alliance At the end of the second world war, the Us and the USSR emerged as the world’s leading powers. Countries such as Britain and France were no longer considered to be world powers seeing how they were drastically affected by the war and no longer had the power they once held. During world war 2, the alliance between the US and the USSR was one based purely on strategy to eliminate enemy forces. The unwavering differences between the capitalist US and the communist USSR were bound to resurface once opposing forces were dealt with. The two countries became wary of one another and eventually became fearful of the other’s sheer strength and power as a nation. It was this fear that ultimately lead to the breakdown of the wartime alliance between the US and the USSR and replaced the mutual relationship between the two superpowers to one fueled by hostility and resentment. This would later be known as the Cold War.
Policies towards Germany Germany was left in a catastrophic state after the second world war. Many people were left without homes since many houses and buildings had been destroyed. After surrendering to the allied powers, Germany was split into four zones that were occupied by the US,French,British, and Soviet Union. In 1949, under the occupation of the allies, western Germany was able establish a stable democracy whereas eastern Germany adopted a Stalin based socialist government. Germany soon became the center of conflict between democracy and communism during the cold war.
Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall marked the division between east and west Germany from 1961 to 1989. It prevented East Germans from escaping to the West. It was deemed useless since the Hungarian government opened its borders and allowed East Germans to enter the country. From Hungary, East Germans could travel directly to west Germany.
Warsaw Pact the Warsaw Pact was created in response to West Germany become a member of the Nato. It was mostly controlled by the Soviet Union and weapons the Soviet Union created were used during this Pact with military decisions were created in Moscow. Works Cited:
William Reis
ReplyDeleteMs.Noce
IB History 12
5/7/15
- Imperial Russian, Revolutions, emergence of Soviet State 1853-1924
Significance of the Russo-Japanese War; 1905 Revolution; Stolypin and the Duma; the impact of the First World War on Russia.
Russo-Japanese War
- The Russo Japanese War started on February 8 in 1904, a battle between the Russians and Japanese, the whole reason for the fight was due to Russia’s desire to expand their territory towards Korea and Manchuria.
- The war itself isn’t the most remarkable war in the history of Europe, it is because it's not important not only militarily but politically as well
- The Japanese won the battle, the Russian naval force were taking multiple hits from Japan causing one of the most important commanders of that time, Stepan Makarov to die.
- Japan was very successful when it came to fighting Russians on the sea, but when it came to land, not so much, but Japan gave in their very best to ensure no land was taken from Japan
- The victory of the Japanese, led the continents of Asia and Africa to build up Nationalism.
- At the same time in Russia, the war kind of led to the Russian revolution of 1917. It also showed how weak the autocracies were back then and that eventually all of the autocracies would be overthrown.
1905 Revolution
- The 1905 Revolution was a wave of political and social movement that was eventually all over the Russian Empire. Most of the movement were for the opposition of the government.
- The main causes for the revolution were the problems that came from Agrarias, the nationality, labor and education. These problems were motives for a revolution in Russia.
- In 1905, a series of events from workers that complained about the radical economy in Russia, and socialists saw this as a rising revolution or in other words, they could feel the revolution coming soon.
- Towards the end of 1904, Liberals started to call for a political reform which led for the foundation of a constitution. Moscow passed a resolution which demanded a legislature, freedom for the media and freedom for religion as well
- On the same month, December, a very big strike led by industrial workers, they pretty much shut down the city in which by the next year in 1905, the city had no electricity and they were pretty much in state of emergency.
- Tsar was now in control of Russia after being favored by the public due to reforms that he actually managed to achieve.
- As a follow up, the creation of the three Dumas and the october manifesto as well which served as an creation of the constitution of Russia in 1906.
STOLYPIN AND THE DUMA
- There was a total of three dumas, the first was from 1905-1906, the second was only 3 months longs; being the shortest and the third at last as in 1907. Peter Stolypin was first, the governor of Grodno, Minister of the interior and Prime minister from 1906 till 1911.
- So the way Dumas was elected was quite unfair, “1 gentry: 3.6 townspeople: 15 peasants: 45 workers. The very first Duma dealt with ending the outrageous violence, the second one was meant to not give power for representatives who were somewhat opposing the Tsar rule. Finally the last one really just focused on the wealthy side of Russia.
- Peter Stolypin was someone who worked with Dumas two and three, he also introduced multiple reforms to Russia.
- Some of his reforms includes: Agriculture, political, educational and religious reforms.
- A new court system was now introduced allowing arrest to be made or determined faster.
THE IMPACT OF WWI ON RUSSIA
ReplyDelete- The first World War had an impact on society in Russia. The war itself actually bought the mainstream problems like, political, economy, military, etc to its first thing on the list.
- The division of resources between the military and the actual population was not divided the right way. Food shortages was now a problem, people now had to pay more taxes because of the war.
- Inflation was now a problem for the population, not only on top of this that food was short for everyone, now the food costs even more due to inflation.
- Russia even though it was the largest country during World War I, it had the least amount of soldiers with only 8.8% of its population compared to Germany which was 20.5%.
- Now when it came to economy, Russia was not ready for war, it was still a country that was not moving forward. Also, Russia was very unorganized compared to other countries.
WORK CITED
"Your 60-second Guide to the Russo-Japanese War." History Extra. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Russian Revolution of 1905." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Stolypin and the Duma." Prezi.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
"Effects of WWI on Russia." 2012 History oF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015. .
Collective security; appeasement in the interwar years; the failure of international diplomacy; the outbreak of war in 1939.
ReplyDeleteCollective security is when a groups of nations join together and agree not to attack one another (so that there is peace) and to defend each other. This is a form of a coalition building strategy. There was a group formed based right off this strategy called the League of Nations brought together for international diplomacy. This group was made after WW1 (World War One) so that another war like that would never happen again - their job was to stop world wars from occurring. The outbreak of war again was bound to come sooner or later around 1933 -1939. This outbreak of war was coming closer and closer because of built up tension within the nations. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany after WW1 and made it clear that he was going to make a comeback for Germany. This is where the League of Nations failed with the international diplomacy, instead of stopping Hitler they let him do what he wanted. Which was building back up alliances and regaining control of land (this asses the interwar years). Hitler began reforming the army and recruiting people for a larger army- Hitler was not allowed to do this yet the League of Nations let it happen anyway. It was clear that Adolf Hitler had intentions of rebuilding fallen Germany after WW1 although it was stated in the treaty that he cannot and how Germany were limited to certain things. Once Hitler had his army and marched out of Germany towards Poland, Britain and France hurried to form an alliance with Poland. In fact, Britain had tried to buy the land from Stalin but was unsuccessful. So instead as a substitute Britain and France said they would supply military support if Germany (Hitler) invaded them.
Work cited:
http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/collsec.htm
http://ibatpv.org/ib/paper3/07_interwar_years_conflict_cooperation_1919-1939.html
Jalexis Ruiz
ReplyDeleteIB World History 12
Ms. Noce
Paper 3
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-1964
Nikita Khrushchev was a Russian politician that led the Soviet Union during the Cold war. Khrushchev was the first secretary of the communist party’s in the soviet union from 1953-64. One important fact that I found about Khrushchev is that he went along with the Joseph stalin purges. In my research I found that it was like they were working together, the reason for that is because Stalin had sent Khrushchev to “ukraine” and he continued to purge there. Khrushchev had been one of Stalin's most advisers. When Joseph Stalin passed away back in 1953 the struggle of power started. There was a man named Georgi Malenkov that was the “first secretary ” that Khrushchev had wanted him to give up his post as the first secretary of the communist party's. Georgi had been Stalin's first adviser when it came to the purges. But then later in those days Beria wanted to change things up and handle all of the problems in order to control the government. Then it all fell back onto Khrushchev, him and Beria worked together he told them that the “ head of the police” had been trying to take all of the power. Georgi Malenkov tried his best to stay in the lead with Khrushchev but the both had been trying their very best to gain power. Another important fact about this is Nikita had been more successful than Malenkov. Nikita just made everything better by expanding his power for being the “first secretary” of the communist party. De-Stalinization was a political reform that took place after the death of Joseph Stalin. This was a cause that changed and removed things that had help Stalin to hold his power. The reason he created the de-stalinization was because he wanted to make his “enemies” from the communist party to be out of the picture.Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was applied by the Soviet Union during the Cold war. What he wanted to do with the peaceful coexistence was that he want to pursue peace between the United states. Khrushchev had domestic policies. He created a lot of reforms while he was in power. One thing I noticed was that he had wanted his policies to be some what like the U.S policies.
Like I said before he wanted to be in peace with them so he seen it as lets do things the same way. Then a major thing that he did was to stop being so strict with his policies. For example the stuff he has did were “lessing the amount of censorship, decentralizing the economy, and made a council”. The council was to discuss the reforms. He wanted to even reforms for Russian “education” a lot of people seen this as a good thing. What I have found for agriculture for Khrushchev was that he did influence so many things which was a good thing. One of his big things with the agriculture was that he did a huge land- based expansion, meaning he made things bigger and better. Doing all of that was what helped him rise to power. He also made economic reforms. The stuff that he did were that he made a seven year plan that mainly focused on “coal, oil, and etc.” With this policy it was a good look for him because he was helping people out which was totally different from what Stalin had been
ReplyDeletedoing. The foreign relations between Hungary,Cuba, and China were that there were a “ Hungarian predicament in 1956, the Berlin ultimatum in 1958, and the Cuban missile crisis in 1962”. There had been more freedom in Hungary since Khrushchev introduced the “de-stalinization”. Khrushchev then backed down from the Cuban missile crisis, and for China he had been very soft with the west and they did not like it at all, and for Berlin after him being so soft with China it “provoked” Berlin to the end.
Work Cited:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev
http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/Power%20Struggle%20After%20Stalins%20Death.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence
http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/michelle-van-sleet/
http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/khruschev%20domestic%20policies.htm
http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/Khruschev%20economic%20and%20agricultural%20policies.htm
http://ibatpv.org/projects/soviet_union/khruschev%20foreign%20relations.htm
Carlos Callejas
ReplyDeletePaper 3 review
1917 Revolutions: February/March Revolution: Provisional Government and Dual Power (Soviets).
The 1917 Revolutions, otherwise simply known as the Russian Revolution, was the result of a series of mismanagements and defeats in wars during Tsar Nicholas II’s rule, which lead to severe discontent among the peasants and industrial workers, the vast majority of Russia. The last straw was the Tsar’s enthusiastic entrance into World War I in 1914, where his hasty reasoning and overconfidence cost Russia thousands of lives, supply and artillery losses, and overtaxed the workers of Russia. By 1915, the Duma (the Russian parliament) began to demand a democratic government, this was met with the dissolution of the Duma by Nicholas II’s order shortly after. As the war continued, famine became much more widespread among the workers and peasants, revolts broke out in Petrograd. The first revolts broke out in February 24th according to the Western Gregorian Calendar, March 8th according to the Julian Calendar used in Russia). Originally, women were the protagonists of the revolts, men (both workers at home and soldiers in the front) eventually joined the revolution. It is worthy to note that the Tsar was not at Petrograd when the revolution started, so he dismissed the reports given to him as an overstatement. On March 12th 1917, a provisional government was set up (made up of the former Duma members) along with the Petrograd Soviet government. The Soviets allowed this dual power rule since they did not feel Russia was prepared for a Socialist revolution and they needed Lenin, their great leader. Despite the Provisional Government’s liberal reforms including the abolishment of the death penalty, freedom of speech and assembly, allowance of unions, and equality under the law; they kept the war effort going. This greatly displeased the peasants and workers, who hoped for this mismanaged war to end. This gave the Soviets an advantage when gaining credibility with the people. Furthering the Soviet advantage over the Provisional Government, their beloved leader Vladimir Lenin returned from exile on April 3rd/16th (Julian). Shortly afterwards, he called for a second revolution to overthrow the Provisional Government for the fact that nothing had been done to end the war and resolve Russia’s domestic issues. This would be the first sign of the coming revolution in October.
WORKS CITED:
Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Russian Revolution of 1917." Russian Revolution of 1917. About Education, n.d. Web. 10 May 2015.
Meissner, Daniel J. "The Russian Revolution of 1917." The Russian Revolution of 1917. Marquette University, n.d. Web. 10 May 2015.
Victor Harris
ReplyDeleteI.B History 12
Ms.Noce
5.12.15
1933-1939 "Domestic"
"When Hitler ultimately came into power through the Reichstag fire, he initiated several changes that shifted the current model of democracy towards a dictatorship. The first changes were known as Hitler’s racial policies, which had an enormous effect on people who were not born in Germany but lived inside her boundaries. Terms like ‘inferior races’ and ‘subordinate classes’ were soon to be used as labels for a bulk of the German population who were either homosexual, not in strict conformity with German ideals or political opponents.
A major part of Hitler’s domestic policy was to restore the German economy and maximize its efficiency by cartelizing the industry and banking. This puts the economy under governmental control and thus allows German authorities to use an objective approach in order to placate the economic turmoil of WWI. Furthermore, independent labor unions were banned, public works projects initiated and the improvement of consumer products like VW( Volkswagen) emphasized. It was the government’s objective to ‘coordinate’ Germany’s stricken economy as far as possible, seeking continuous growth and lasting profitability.
Slavs like Poles were used as an alternative work force in German factories, which gave the military the advantage of having more men available, as slave work freed up men for combat.
Putting youth programs into place encouraged young students and children to internalize the ideals of Nazi Germany and flourish in the environment of Church youth groups, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, etc. Youth Groups in colleges and high schools made a great impact and showed how the implemented system of the NSDAP cultivated a new generation of Nazi Germans, vowing unquestioning obedience.
Suppressing competing parties led to numerous assassinations, especially on the part of the social democrats, who suffered great losses and were physically eliminated during the Night of the Long Knives. The NSDAP also freed itself from the Versailles Economic restrictions and refused any further payments after their take-over.
Hitler was on the one hand easing off credits and on the other, expanding them, which launched a powerful economic recovery and enabled the German people to generally reinvest and rebuild businesses. The main cause of the economic crisis in the first place was a credit crunch and as the NSDAP eliminated this threat by introducing new financial policies, easy credits quickly translated into tremendous job creation and economic expansion.
Along with the great depression came a dry period of foreign trade, which induced Hitler to bring in autarkic policies that would support Germany’s economy by freeing it from foreign competition."
ReplyDelete"Following the Nazi rise to power, Adolf Hitler's government conducted a foreign policy aimed at the incorporation of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living outside German borders into the Reich; German domination of western Europe; and the acquisition of a vast new empire of "living space" (Lebensraum) in eastern Europe. The realization of German hegemony in Europe, Hitler calculated, would require war, especially in eastern Europe. The "racially inferior" Slavs would either be driven east of the Urals, enslaved, or exterminated. Besides acquiring Lebensraum, Hitler anticipated that the "drive to the East" would destroy Bolshevism.
From 1933–1938, Konstantin von Neurath, a conservative career diplomat, served as German foreign minister. During his tenure, Germany followed a revisionist policy aimed at overcoming the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and seizing the diplomatic initiative from Britain and France. Germany withdrew from the League of Nations; began rapid rearmament; signed a nonaggression pact with Poland; reacquired the Saar territory through a plebiscite; militarily assisted the supporters of Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War; and remilitarized the Rhineland.
From 1938–1945, Joachim von Ribbentrop, a Nazi party member and former ambassador to Great Britain, served as the foreign minister. During these years, Germany strengthened its ties to Fascist Italy and to Japan by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact, which aimed to combat international communism, the Pact of Steel (with Italy), and the wartime Three-Power Agreement (with Italy and Japan).
In 1938, Germany acquired new territories using the threat of war. In February, Hitler pressured Austrian chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg into signing the German-Austrian agreement (Berchtesgaden Diktat), which brought Nazis into the Austrian cabinet. The next month, Germany carried out the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria."
Work Cited:
http://bsc-ibhistory.wikispaces.com/Nazi+Domestic+Policy
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/mobile/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005203
William Portorreal
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms. Noce
The Spanish civil war begun in 1936 to 1939 because of disputes between the nationalists and the republicans on how the country should be run. The people on the nationalist side were made up of businessmen, the military, landowners and roman catholics. The Nationalists was lead by General Franco who was the leader of the spanish army. While the republicans was led by the president Azana which were made up of middle class and urban workers such as agriculture labourers. The Nationalists received aid from Germany and Italy, and the Republicans received help from Russia and internationals brigades which had volunteers from the U.S and Europe. In July 1936, the Nationalist attacked and gained control in spanish morocco and part of the northern part of Spain. Since the Republicans didn't receive as much aid as the Nationalist they weren't as strong and could only keep fighting for a period of time. Overtime the Nationalist starting taking over republican territories until the Republicans eventually fell apart. The war was bloody and thousands of people died from both sides. When Madrid was captured by the Nationalists the war was over because that was the last piece of territory the Republicans had.
Works Cited: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-War
Erick Volquez
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms. Noce
Paper 3 review
Policies of Alexander III (1881-1894) and Nicholas II (1895-1917): backwardness and attempts at modernization; nature of stardom; growth of opposition movements
- Alexander III gathered his ideas to take the throne and become czar of the Russia’s. He came to take the throne After the assassination of Alexander II which was a coronation that was not announced. During his rule, there were three main things that he focused on as his part of his reform.
- As a Czar, it was his duty to keep Russia and the provinces under control and not have anyone oppose to his ruling. He brought forward repression of opponents for those who did rise to go against his ruling. This persecution would have different consequences even punishable by death.
- Alexander III felt very oppressed with the laws that were passed by his father Alexander II He decided to break the laws and reform that his father left. Some of these were keeping the original colonies with the same power. Alexander had a different view of how Russia and the colonies were being runned under his power’s power.
- One of the most important thing that Alexander wanted was to make sure that Russia and his empire had a strong international connection and also rebuild itself every day in both political and good enrichment. This gave Russia and Advantage during his rule for a start up of modernization and as during his father’s time as czar, it was a disgrace and Russia was looked down upon for low international relations and good enrichment.
- Nicholas II of Russia had several names which were earned based on the wonders his father did with Russia and the provinces the Tsar had control of. These where “Emperor of Russia, King Of Poland, Grand duke of Finland and the official Tsar Nicholas II, Emperor autocrat of all the Russians.
-Like his father, Nicholas wanted to have control of his empire. he began a revolution to oppress those against his ruling. Executions were made of many officials under his command to wish to cease his reign. Nicholas (based on this act) received the name of ‘Bloody Nicholas’ for this massacre.
- The Nature of the Tsardom and demanded by discrete Auto Monarchy lead to a revolution which had Nicholas and his family be in prison. On july 17, 1918, Nicholas and his family were executed by Bolsheviks. Among them was Anastasia Nikolaevna, which was rumored that she escaped to america and died here instead of dying alongside the great duke of Russia.
October/November Bolshevik Revolution: Lenin and Trotsky
ReplyDelete- The Bolshevik revolution in 1917 was started based on Nicholas II duke of Russia’s actions. When he decided to sent peasants to World War I, Russians got very upset on how many lives were killed and decided to convince the nation’s strong hold (soldiers) to put their guns down and reason with them.
- After the overthrow of Nicholas II, a provisional government was implanted and those who were in charge of the country where composed of lawyers, capitalist, bankers, and even industrialist.
- The bolshevik felt like they wanted to do something about it but needed someone to be in front of them as their goal was to overthrow this government and produce an official government under this new ruler. Lenin came back from exile and joined the Bolshevik party in spring 1917.
- The provisional government was immediately aware of this and fought the peasants and the bolsheviks behind this. Lenin went to hide as many peasants died. When things settled, the bolshevik decided to work with the bankers and lawyers in charge of the provisional government; they decided to come in reason and help the peasants and bolshevik.
- The provisional government saw this as a threat and decided to act upon it but then ended up with defeat as the bolsheviks rushed into the winter palace and now the world would see a new structured Russia under Lenin.
- Lenin came out of the shadows and announced his leadership and began to work with the new and improved government.
- Trotsky worked from 1907-1917 under exile in Serbia in political involvement. In 1917, he arrived at Russia and participated in the revolution against the Tsar Nicholas II and was a arrested. A Couple days later, he was released and went back to join the bolshevik party. Trotsky was elected chairman of the party alongside Lenin in the revolution and the new government that was in the uprise.
- Trotsky remained faithful to Lenin’s government but as the death of Lenin came in 1922, things changed for Trotsky. It was pretty obvious that the next ruler and person in power was supposed to be Trotsky but as many wanted this position and with Stalin uprise of power, Trotsky was exiled once more and not considered for becoming the leader.
- In 1940, soviet agents assassinated Trotsky.
WORK CITED:
-“Alexander III.” Alexander III. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
-“Nicholas II Of Russia.”Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
-“The Bolshevik Revolution.”Bolshevik Revolution: 1917. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
“The Role of Trotsky in the Bolshevik Revolution.” The role of Trotsky in the Bolshevik Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
Mu Ying Yu
ReplyDeleteIB World History 12
Ms. Noce
May 12, 2015
Lenin’s Russia (1917-24): consolidation of new Soviet state; Civil War; War Communism; NEP; terror and coercion; foreign relations.
1. Consolidation of new Soviet state
-- New Government
The government used the name Soviet to gain power and on the other side Lenin wanted to hold on to the power to Bolsheviks. Lenin is hold on the power but no sure this will enforce the decision because they had no money. Lenin found sovnarkom was to keep out Mensheviks and SRs and Lenin himself control the decree without any support or help from Soviet. Lenin also satisfy what the workers wanted. This helped Lenin to gain support from the workers and he is good at gaining power and against the odds.
-- Land Ownership
During the Kerensky’s Provisional Government, land issues was a big deal and unresolved for farmers. Land decree was established to let farmers take over lands and is ok to be without any compensation. Now the land is belonged to everyone in the country and lands can no longer used to sold, to rented or brought. Lenin was saatify what the farmers wanted but he went against the Bolsheviks’ idea because in fact lands belonged to the government, the state. Its useless to own lands.
-- Industry
That time was under economic crisis, lots of production are required to produce and the government had controlled over it. But then a workers’ control decree came out and it gave factories the right to controlled and managed over on their own productions. In fact, lots of workers directly controlled the production themselves. There is nothing the government can do to reform.
-- Opposition
The opposition political parties are the Kadets, Right SRs and Mensheviks. During that time period, many things were happened, for example, Cheka the secret police were founded, opponents got arrested and class warfare started. But later the opposition became weak.
-- Other Socialist Parties
Socialist parties gave Bolsheviks pressure to structured a democratic government to represent them. The railway union was threatened Lenin to allowed election to go on but the election had collapsed them. Lenin alliance with the left SRs to again gain workers’ supports by working with the left SRs and dissolved other problems that happen now in the country.
-- Peace with Germany
The country is in a difficult situation of finding a way to end war but without paying the expensive. Lenin needed a peace settlement to help him gain more power. After the Russian army collapsed, Lenin took this as a good opportunity to sign peace treaty with Germany and let them free.
2. Civil War
ReplyDelete-- The civil war was between 1918 to 1921. This civil war was very multiplex because many forces were join to fight for one big territory. By that time it was also confused due to the undefined sides. In 1918, white forces had a great substantial gains and this put Bolsheviks in a very dangerous situation. Bolsheviks turned to tide and by that time he pushed the white armies to the back till the final defeated. In the other hand, the Red armies had a better position due to their great organization and communications. The one problem that Red armies had was the desertion rate. In this war, Trotsky made a great contribution due to his bravery and abilities to transformed the Red armes.
3. War Communism
-- War communism happened because Lenin needed to meet the army requirements and used to create a internal front for the civil war. Lenin saw war communism as a help and the communists saw this as an opportunity to change to socialism. But people don’t like it because it was so terrible.
4. NEP
-- NEP was the New Economic Policy in 1921. Some of the old policies were changed. One of them is to abolished the grain requisitioning and replaced with a tax. The tax is better than the requisitioning because the workers only had to paid a little tax and compare to higher requisitioning. Small business were banned before but now reopened to allow businesses to make small profit. Private trade also reopened which means food, goods and other productions are now allowed to trade with different countries. The state still had their controlled on heavy industries, for example the oil, steel and coal. The state also regain controlled on bank and transportation.
5. Terror and coercion
-- During that time, the red terror was a state policy under Bolshevik. The red terror was carried by the Cheka, a state institution that work only to the Communist Party Central Committee. Cheka was a political police force that do not follow the laws and instead they created the administered systematic terror arbitrarily. Cheka in Ukraine was very cruel and executions happened a lot. Cheka used as party instrument to produce illegal law and used to solve personal problems and gain personal support. The red terror does not care about anyone’s guilt or innocence. This was a suspect social group and the people all fear of them. Under Joseph Stalin there was another terror.
6. Foreign relations
-- From 1917-1918, Lenin believed what Marx said and believe the communist revolution would not survive in Russia if they don’t had a similar revolution in Europe. Later, Russia invaded Poland and wanted to transformed the country into a communist country. During 1918 to 1922, Russia was in a re-integrating time. Many parts of Russia had declared independence. Lenin was on the other side invading countries to restored them into Bolshevik Russia. Baltic Republic was an exception because their independence were insured by other foreign powers. Lenin also tried to use the establishment of Communist International to expose the revolution.
Work cited:
--https://sites.google.com/site/ibhistoryrussia/syllabus-overview---imperial-russia/o-consolidation-of-new-soviet-state
--http://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/red-terror/
--http://comradejoe.hubpages.com/hub/Pragmatism-and-Ideology-Soviet-Foreign-Policy-Under-Lenin
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteGermairy Roman
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History 12
5/12/15
Stalin’s power struggle was him trying to become the ruler of the Soviet Union. He was competing against Leon Trotsky. After the death of Vladimir Lenin they wanted to fight against each other to see who would prevail as ruler of the Soviet Union. The rivalry between Stalin and Trotsky occurred between 1921-1927. Stalin’s Five Year Plans were first introduced in 1928. They revolved around the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power, and transport. Stalin wanted to increase coal production by 110%, increase iron production by 200%, and increase electrical power by 335%. Stalin claimed that if the Soviet Union did not partake in rapid industrialization then they would not be able to defend themselves if they were to be invaded by capitalist countries in the west. Stalin wanted to change individual farms into grouped farms. He also detested the wealthy (also known as kulaks) and had them deported. About one million Kulak households (approximately 5 million) were deported. Collectivization and industrialization were goals set by Stalin. These goals were for Soviet domestic policies. He wanted to get rid of any sort of capitalism and make the Soviet Union a socialist state. The topic of collectivization can also be connected to his five year plans. He wanted to convert small farms into larger farms. Collectivization freed peasants in order for them to do industrial work. Stalin’s goal to achieve rapid industrialization was fulfilled, but people had to go through struggles because of forced collectivization. The constitution under Stalin used the rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The rules later went through a change when it was ratificatified in 1977. When Stalin created a cult of personality, he used propaganda. His goal was to manipulate the public in order to present himself in a positive light. Stalin wanted people to worship him as a hero. He wanted full control of the media, he censored any newspapers or broadcasts that said negative things about him, and also he had posters and statues made of him that glorified him. Stalin’s use of propaganda can also be connected to his impact on society. Purges were carried out by Stalin’s command. The primary reason for these purges occurring is because there were people who opposed him. Anyone who went against Stalin’s ideas were to be killed. During the years of 1941-1945, the Soviet Union created an alliance with the United States. This alliance was created in order to defeat Nazi Germany.
Works Cited
http://bigsiteofhistory.com/the-struggle-for-power-stalin-against-trotsky-1921-1927-between-the-world-wars/
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/coll.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/134169/constitution/22063/Constitutional-change#ref384587
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/stalins-cult-of-personality.php
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/us-soviet
My Section
DeleteThe Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1924-1964
-Stalin (1924-53) power struggle; collectivization and industrialization; Five Year Plans; constitution; cult of personality; purges; impact on society; foreign relations to 1941;
Dinia Clairveaux
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History
5/11/15
Italy 1919-39: Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies
Economic policies
During the year 1921 Mussolini wanted to increase to increase productivity in Italy by passing the policy that raised tariffs on foreign imports to decrease rivalry and help the Italian industry.
In 1927 the Labor Charter law was passed, which was created to united the government and labour workers. This law made all of Italy's industry into 22 large corporation each corporation of dedicated to one product develop. And all workers were provided with health and accident insurance by the corporation they worked for. No thing that did not change is the fact that the workers could not change the amount of hours they worked, nor could they go on strike. They way they asked for things were through appeals. It was a rare occasion they did not get what they asked for due to the fact that the government and the employers discriminated against them. It provided Italy’s economy with little success.
One of the policies that Mussolini created that was successful was the Lateran Treaty this treaty ended conflicts between the Vatican and Italy. During the early years of Italy the papacy was only limited to small buildings in the Vatican the rest was under control by the Italian government.many of the Popes said that they were basically prisoners of the Vatican.
Social Policies
Mussolini used the secret police to keep order in Italy and also the media as a mechanizing to attack his enemies and promoted his own interest. He also used a great deal of propaganda to promote himself as the Great “Il Duce” meaning the great leader and to indoctrinate the youth to his military and politics. Mussolini portrayed this through youth organizations/ programs and reorganizing the educational system in Italy. During 1923 Mussolini passed consolidated Educational acts that banned books that might contradict his propaganda, which one that were pro fascist and that states the glory, influences and power of Italy.
Wars
Not only did Mussolini created policies for Italy but he also developed economy wars too. One was called The Battle for Wheat. This was created to increase the amount of wheat that was being produced in Italy. this war forced farmers to care for wheats over all the other crops that they grew, which lead to the lack of vegetation in Italy. Agricultural lands were expanded into crop areas. While grain production grew imports decreased by 75% and so did the imports on other foods. foreign trade of meats, vegetation and other food products increased which rose the market prices in Italy which was very harmful to the economy.
Another war that was created by Mussolini was the war of Lira. This war was to increase morale and heightening of Italy’s status nationally and all over the word. Mussolini increased the worth of Italy’s currency the lira. First The Italians went which the idea then they realised the price of foods were more expensive than they were actually were. The war was a complete failure it put many people out of business due to the fact corporations were over powering small businesses.
Sources
“Silvapages.” Domestic Policies under Benito Mussolini. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2015.
Junior FanFan
ReplyDeleteIB History 12
Ms. Noce
May 11, 2015
The Great Depression was from 1929-1939. The Great Depression was the longest-lasting and the most depressing economic downfall in the history for the western industrialized world. In the United States the Great depression happened right after the fall of the stock market on October 1929 also known as Black Tuesday, this sent Wall Street into panic very quickly and they wiped out millions of investor. By 1933 when the Great Depression reached it highest between 13 and 15 million people were unemployed and that caused more chaos. Those who were employed during the Great Depression also had problems because the wages fell and the buying power increased. Also many Americans were forced to buy on credit because there was not enough cash. Also many homes were foreclosed and cars were repossessions. The impact of the Great Depression was very awful because the crime rate was rising at a increasing rate. This was happening because so many workers were unemployed that they had no other choice but to rely on theft to put food on the table for their families. Prostitution was also in the rise because women were so despite that they had to sell their bodies for money. Alcoholism was also rising because that was the only escape for many people that were facing the depression. There were also some good things that the Great Depression brought, during the Great Depression the high school attendance rose but for men only because they thought that going to school longer would help them get better jobs after the depression was over. The people that suffered the most during the Great Depression was the minorities such as the African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The white labors started to take the jobs that only minorities would do so they could have some sort of income coming Into their families.
Work cited: http://bigmateo0.tripod.com/id2.html
http://www.ushistory.org/us/48e.asp
http://www.history.com/topics/great-depression
Germany 1919-33: Political, constitutional, economic, financial and social problems.
ReplyDeletePOLITICAL PROBLEMS
-When Kaiser Wilhelm was forced to abdicate his throne Germany had no leader. Germany was left unorganized.
-Some people believed Germany should be a democracy. On the other hand, others believed Germany should be communism where everyone is equal.
-The political parties were blaming each other for the lost in the war. There was a lot commotion between the parties.
ECONOMICAL PROBLEMS
-The unemployment rate increase drastically
-The poverty was serious. There were many people struggling to get food to feed their families.
-Some people died from starvation.
FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
-Germany printed more money to pay workers and pay their debt. Unfortunately, Hyperinflation started to occur. With Germany copying more money, this brought the value of the money down.
-After World War 1, Germany was the one to blame for all the damages. They had to pay around 33 USD billion dollars.
-Germany was struggling to pay for the debt because they put a lot of money into the military to make it big and powerful. So when they had to paid that much money they were struggling.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
-As a country, Germany blame the government for the signing of the treaty of Versailles.
-Germany wanted strict leaders. They wanted strict leaders because they wanted someone who can leader Germany back to where they were and get some Nationalist spirit.
-Germany lost any possible alliances with a lot of countries.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS
-The constitution gave the president too much power then what he was suppose to have. The president was allowed to kick the chancellor out of power.
-The proportional electoral system failed. They system wanted to stop using the wasting votes, this made the splinter parties to increase, which made it difficult to create a stable parliamentary majority.
-Even with these problems on the constitution, it still ran. It was said that the German constitution was not the only country with problems in their constitution.
Work cited
- http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/the-nazi-rise-to-power/effects-of-ww1-on-germany/
ReplyDeleteNaomie Bourdeau
IB World History
May,11,2015
Paper 3: Review Blog
Paper 3: Review Blog
•Alexander 2: (1855-1881) : emancipation of the serfs, military,legal,educational,local government reforms, later reaction.
Emancipation of the serfs
-Many important changes happen during Alexander the Second ruling over Russia. During 1861 “serfdom” was a system that had the peasants of Russia tied to their landlords,that was considered to be slavery. This system had been around since the 17th century, the relationship that the landlord had with the serf was that the landlord had authority over them due to the land. controlling their working skills and their personal lives. Once again that was an act of slavery because the serf was bound to the landlord. It was necessary to end “serfdom” because Alexander saw that he was using it as an excuse for all of Russia’s weaknesses. Imperial russia was still transitioning, and was low economically and socially. So it ended in 1865, and the serfs were free from their landlords and had the right to own their own land. Which meant that they were allowed to trade among their citizens and local people freely if they wanted to.
Miliary
-Alexander the second held a strong military force. He induced many military service universally. Some reforms that he made change some military aspects like expanding the military reserve forces. Not only the forces he expanded but the military system as well. That had an effect because the led to the states being split into 15 different types of military districts. This reform did not acted out so well in the Crimean War.Also he created a different rule for the amount of time a soldier can spend and dedicate to the army. Which went from 25 years to 6 years and he reduce the duties ,but this was done by obligation because the army was expanding. He also got rid of “corporal punishment” because he thought it was not fit into the military system that he was recreating. Other than that, his army was trained very well and rigorously he made budget cuts to go towards the weapons so that the army can use.
Legal
-Alexander reformed his legal system while he ruled over Russia. He wanted to give some people control and freedom. He did not want to rule with the central “bureaucracy”. While he ruled he created a judicial system called “Zemstvo” that basically gave the common peasants to work together and compromise ideas. This judicial system was only in rural areas, it was kind of like a local assembly for the district. It also helped people who could afford medical bills because medical care was provided through this system. Not only medical care, but insurance for anything was provided if you needed it.
ReplyDeleteEducation
-Education was also provided to the lower class who couldn't afford it through “zemstvo”. Alexander the second change some elementary schools to count as a secondary level through the help of a university, which was called “University of Statute of 1863”. That really help the economic growth overall.
Local Government Reforms
• Zemstvo was known for the local government because of all the help they gave to the local citizens. These assemblie that had was consisted of local townspeople,peasants,and even private landlords. They had to get funded some how, so that when Alexander the second took some money from the taxes and divided it and left some money for Zemstvo. The money was used for building of new hospitals,healthcare,and even roads. This was all to help people who indeed needed it. This was to improve the poverty rate that Russia had.
Later Reaction
-Alexander the second was teased by all of these reforms. But he wanted to rebuild Russia to put her on the right track again economically and socially. But these reforms elevated liberal reformers. Al though his changes were very generous and helpful for some, it did not go so well with radicals. They wanted political change on a very intensive level. Due to that, Alexander the Second was actually assassinated by a group of radicals called “Narodnaya” almost got blown by a bomb, but then he was dying. He was brought to the winter palace where he died.
Works Cited
http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/AlexIIbio.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alexander_II_of_Russia
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h47-ru3.htm
http://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/reform-and-reaction-in-russia/
Samantha Foster
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms.noce
5-11-15
Paper 3
Breakdown of Wartime Alliance
At the end of the second world war, the Us and the USSR emerged as the world’s leading powers. Countries such as Britain and France were no longer considered to be world powers seeing how they were drastically affected by the war and no longer had the power they once held. During world war 2, the alliance between the US and the USSR was one based purely on strategy to eliminate enemy forces. The unwavering differences between the capitalist US and the communist USSR were bound to resurface once opposing forces were dealt with. The two countries became wary of one another and eventually became fearful of the other’s sheer strength and power as a nation. It was this fear that ultimately lead to the breakdown of the wartime alliance between the US and the USSR and replaced the mutual relationship between the two superpowers to one fueled by hostility and resentment. This would later be known as the Cold War.
Policies towards Germany
Germany was left in a catastrophic state after the second world war. Many people were left without homes since many houses and buildings had been destroyed. After surrendering to the allied powers, Germany was split into four zones that were occupied by the US,French,British, and Soviet Union. In 1949, under the occupation of the allies, western Germany was able establish a stable democracy whereas eastern Germany adopted a Stalin based socialist government. Germany soon became the center of conflict between democracy and communism during the cold war.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall marked the division between east and west Germany from 1961 to 1989. It prevented East Germans from escaping to the West. It was deemed useless since the Hungarian government opened its borders and allowed East Germans to enter the country. From Hungary, East Germans could travel directly to west Germany.
Warsaw Pact
the Warsaw Pact was created in response to West Germany become a member of the Nato. It was mostly controlled by the Soviet Union and weapons the Soviet Union created were used during this Pact with military decisions were created in Moscow.
Works Cited:
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/warsaw_pact.htm
http://history1900s.about.com/od/coldwa1/a/berlinwall.htm
http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war1_Germany.htm
http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war1_redruth.htm