Turnitin is up and running once again! These questions are due Monday and 9:00 p.m. Please remember that your Critical Annotated Bibliography report is due Tuesday in class along with your note cards!
- Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
- “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
- Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
- Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
- Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
Samantha Foster
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms. Noce
5-26-14
Tension in Northern Ireland
1.Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
Religion played a role in causing tensions in Northern Ireland because many Irish people who were Catholic lived in Southern Ireland. These people held a strong hatred for the British and wanted Ireland to be completely independent. However, Irish people who lived in Northern Ireland were called Protestants and wished to remain united with Great Britain. Economics also played a role in causing tension in Northern Ireland because Catholics had less employment opportunities then Protestants. Many businesses were owned by Protestants and many private companies preferred to have Protestants to work for them rather than Catholics. Catholics felt discriminated because all of the good paying jobs would go to Protestants.
2.“The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I agree that a written constitution is necessary for a democratic state because with it comes legitimate laws that you must follow. For example, if a constitution says that business cannot discriminate against race, religion, political beliefs, etc. then you must obey that rule or face consequences.
3.Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
There were many social and economic challenges the Northern Ireland faced during the late 1960s. “Protestant leaders dominated Northern Ireland’s political and social climate. The protestant political and social control led to resentment and anger from the Catholic minority.”(ows.edb.utexas.edu). Massive unemployment had also risen amongst the Catholics which fueled their resentment toward Protestants because many business owners were protestant and therefore preferred Protestant works rather than Catholic ones.
4.Analyze the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDeleteRussia, under the leadership of Stalin, had changed the status of many women. “Common law marriages were now the same as registered marriages and education was provided equally for men and women.”(prezi.com) In Germany the status of women had also changed as well. Hitler thought that it was a women’s role to be able to bear more offspring to increase the Aryan race. He made abortions illegal and tried to spread the ideology of anti-feminism.
5.Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Ireland are Munster, Ulster, Leinster, and Connaught. Out of the four provinces, Leinster is the one with the most countries. The 1960s was a time of struggle for both Catholics and Protestants in regards to religion. Neither party wanted to be the religious minority. Protestants in Ulster had voiced their opinions on the matter at Home Rule debate of 1912. Ulster’s Solemn League and Covenant was a pledge that was signed in order to resist Home Rule which Protestants thought would be “subversive of our civil and religious freedom.”(multitext.ucc.ie).
Works Cited:
Slideshare.net(n.d.) Causes of Northern Conflict accessed May 26, 2014 from http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
Ows.edb.utexas.edu(n.d.) The Troubles in Northern Ireland accessed May 26, 2014 from http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
Prezi(n.d.) treatment of women minorities and religious groups accessed May 26, 2014 from http://prezi.com/5ihkbsos_tlc/treatment-of-women-minorities-and-religious-groups-in-single-party-states/
Multitext.ucc.ie(n.d.) The Pursuit of Sovereignty & the Impact of Partition, 1912–1949 accessed May 26, 2014 from http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_culture__religion_1912-49#13Religion8212NorthandSouth
Junior Fanfan
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History
1.Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
The tension of religion and economic factors in Northern Ireland was that people didn't like the Catholics so the INLA lead a series of killing of Catholics by loyalist groups. After many ceasefires, the main political parties would come together and try to establish political agreement. In 1990 am executive party was formed that had four main parties, including Sinn Fein. Two groups formed after the split of the provisional and official fractions.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I Agree that a written constitution is very important for a democratic state because when someone breaks the laws they want to be able to see in the constitution what they did wrong. Also it's basically the laws that people have to follow. For example if people kill each other and in the constitution there's no law against killing ten people would just start killing.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
The social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland. When the Protestant started dominating Northern Ireland, the Catholics had anger against them. Also the unemployment rises for the Catholics which made them hate the Protestant.
4.Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
In Japan the women were made to obey a male such as a father, husband, brother, or son. After the Meiji restoration women were able to request divorces, the right to vote. The role of women in Germany was to basically stay home and make offsprings that were if Aryan race because that's what Hitler wanted. He was also forcing feminism on the women. Also Japan was also doing the same to their woman.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Ireland are Munster, Ulster, Leinster and Connaught. The one with the most countries was Leinster. When the struggle for both Protestant and Catholics because of their religion. When the home rule came around Ulster voiced their opinions on the rule.
Work cited: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan
Slideshare.net(n.d.) Causes of Northern Conflict accessed May 26, 2014 from http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles
Germairy Roman
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History 11
5/26/14
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
In Northern Ireland there were two religious groups. One was the Protestants and the other was the Catholics. The Protestants were a larger group than the Catholics. The Protestants and the Catholics had different views and that's what caused tension between the two. The Catholics were discriminated against by the colossal Protestant group. It was in the 1960s that the Catholics decided to fight back but without violence and using the strategies of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. The Catholics would put on protests against the Protestants. Also the Catholic community was facing unemployment in the 1960s.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I don't really agree with this statement because not everyone will find a constitution to be fair especially in Northern Ireland. There was a lot of tension between the Protestants and the Catholics and I believe a written constitution wouldn't mind their relationship. Maybe if the constitution was compromised it would successful. If the constitution was fair for both the Protestants and the Catholics then a constitution could be used. When both sides don't have tension then a written constitution could be created. Later on maybe groups in the future would disagree and go against each other. Constitutions can be ambiguous and cause fall outs between groups because there isn't a whole understanding.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
Protestant leaders took over Northern Ireland's political and social climate from 1921 to the early 1960s. The Catholics became angry at the Protestants for taking control. The catholic community were facing unemployment in the 1960s which lead to the break out of mass protest. In October 1968 Northern Ireland police were captured bearing catholic protestors on television cameras. This situation was the start of the modern conflict in Northern Ireland. Later in 1969 British Army forces went to Northern Ireland to make sure the country was safe and stable.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDeleteDuring the Qing Dynasty which was from 1644-1911, the traditional Chinese society was male-centered. Women's jobs were just to carry on the family name and there was no gender quality at the time. In 1911 the Qing Dynasty was overthrown by Sun Yat-Sen and the concept of gender equality was spread. During WWII, women in America didn't earn much when they worked. That later changed in the 1960s. In 1960, Almost a third of American wives who worked for wages at least part time got twice the proportion in 1940.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Northern Ireland are Leinster, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught. All together the four provinces have 32 counties and Leinster has the most out of the four. Leinster is the most populated and has over half the population of the Republic of Ireland residing there. The most common religion in Northern Ireland is Christianity and another religion was Roman Catholics. There are two main ideologies that Northern Ireland can be divided into regarding politics. Those two groups are unionists and nationalists. Unionists want to remain in the United Kingdom while nationalists want to move away and unite with the republic of oreland because they consider themselves Irish.
Works Cited
http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
http://www.slideshare.net/Slyder888/the-troubles-in-northern-ireland-11979906
http://prezi.com/mhu06diatl4c/the-status-of-women/
http://prezi.com/7mi8r2n1jf3j/the-change-of-women-status/
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland
William Reis
ReplyDeleteMs.Noce
5/25/14
IB History
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
Religion could be a factor that caused the tension in Northern Ireland because back then there were only two main religion, Roman Catholic and the Protestants. One side of Ireland were with the Catholics, they supported the religion and were completely against the protestants. Meanwhile another part of Ireland were for the protestants and were against the Catholic religion. Some Provinces of Ireland like Ulster, were eventually taken over by the protestants in all counties. At some point the protestants started calling themselves ‘Unionists’ they wanted to keep an union with Great Britain and not be separated from them, meanwhile the Roman Catholic religion wanted complete independence from Great Britain. When it comes to the Economics, Ireland was a poor country compared to other countries in Europe, but according to historians economics isn't really a main factor that caused the tension in northern Ireland, its more about the religion and the politics.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
When it comes to connecting this statement to the tension in Northern Ireland I would not agree with this at all. I don’t think a perfectly written constitution is successful for a democratic state because at the end, there will be a group of people who will not agree with what is written in the Constitution and this could cause ‘something’. I think what went wrong in Northern Ireland in the 1900s was the politicians, i don't think they did what their were supposed to do which was to put a stop this terror in Ireland and come up with an agreement with both the Protestants and the Catholics. Just to mention, one example of a constitution not being successful for a democratic states is slavery back in the United States, violating people’s right, violating the blacks. The blacks had to fight for their right and part of the United States did not agree with this and the other side did and what did this cause? an Civil war between the South and the North! This is why i don’t believe in “written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state”
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
Challenges that was faced by Ireland was more related towards the social part rather than the economics. I say that because the conflicts that lasted 30 years in Northern Ireland was more focused on the mini battle between the Catholics communities spread around Ireland and the protestants. Both of these sides had different views towards England. The protestants thought it was good to keep Ireland under the control of England. Meanwhile the Catholics thought it was better to become independent because they thought England was the country causing Ireland Economics issues, and when two sides don't agree with each other nothing good comes out of it. 30 years filled with violent protests and killing was the challenge faced by Northern Ireland.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDeleteI will be talking talking about the changes for women during the tension in Ireland. Below i will be putting in bullet points before and after of changes that happened to women, main points from my perspective. These were all social changes towards Women.
Before (Early 1900s)
-Often treated as second class citizens.
-Most of the woman were married at a very young age.
-Women were not allowed to vote.
-Women were usually paid less than a man
-Women had very few right in general.
After (Late 1900s)
-Women’s right movement was created in the 1960s.
-Free education was now available for woman.
-Women now get paid same amount as men.
-No discrimination against women in work.
-Women was now able to vote.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
In the Northern Ireland there were four provinces, they were: Leinster, Munster, Ulster and Connacht. Leinster was the most rich province out of all four also the one with the highest number of population. The four provinces of Ireland is what make up the Northern Ireland. before the conflicts of Ireland, Ulster had an opportunity to seperate govermentally from being a part of the United Kingdom. But on the other side the “Irish Free State” did accept the separation the provinces from the United Kingdom. Protestants rejected the idea that a reunion was a good idea, and the relationship between Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (which are the four provineces). Many people in the Republic of Ireland thought it was a good idea for the Irisih Catholics to unite with the United Kingdom as “the safeguard of their Protestants” and as you know that was not what it turned out to be.
WORK CITED
"Isn't Religion to Blame for the Irish 'Troubles'??." Isn't Religion to Blame for the Irish 'Troubles'??. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
"The troubles in Northern Ireland : a civil war in the United Kingdom against all odds?."The troubles in Northern Ireland : a civil war in the United Kingdom against all odds?. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
“Open Websites." Open Websites. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
"skoool.ie :: exam centre." skoool.ie :: exam centre. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
"Background." Background. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
Victor Harris
ReplyDeleteI.B History 11
Ms.Noce
May 25,2014
1.Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
The reason why their was so much tension was mainly because of the religious point of view. There was two sides the Catholic side and the Protestants side and always seem they wasn't eye to eye. The Catholic side wanted to get away from Britain be independent, but the Protestant was okay with the fact of staying with Great Britian. The Catholics felt as if they was discriminated because they was always did have a job, but the Protestant did and people rather them to work.This was happening all through the years one not liking the other
2."The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
-I agree with this statement because in order to have a powerful nation, you need everybody to work as a unit. For examples the U.S had a written constitution so she can be stable and not be influenced with other parties. If there wasn't a set structure on what the nation is suppose to follow by nothing would work. So yes I agree with this statement because the constitution is their to help everybody be equel and have a fair trial.
3.Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
In the 1960s the economic and social challenges,were known as the "Trouble". It was mostly between two groups, the Protestant and the Catholic communities because they didn't see eye to eye. 1921 to the 1960, the protestant was very donimate and that aggravated the Catholic people. For Catholic people the problems were the unemployment, which further lead to protest. There were marches for peace and no more violence, which wasn't very affected. The 1960s was more of a Civil-rights movement because of the inequality and discrimination in Northern Ireland.
4.Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
The topic I analyzed was the changing status of women. To recap we know that women's back in that time didn't have power at all, but in 1966 their was a women named Monica McWilliams who was a social worker and a protestor that lead a gate way for othters. Most people, many in which who was man didn't believe that a women could do a mans job. But electons were made by womens and it attracted more people as well. This was a big step because they were housewifes that were only suppose to make babies. Now can go to wars,be nurse and go to electons to vote. This was the start for women getting to power.
5.Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces in Northern Ireland is Leinster,Munster,Connacht and Ulster. Before their was five which was Meath was"incorporated into Leinster,with parts going into Ulster. First Connacht which was west of Ireland and once was ruled by Kings. The government was called Teachta Dala. Next Leinster is located on the east of Ireland. Leinster didn't really have a function government for the peoples purpose, but still had the government of Teachta Dala. Next is the Munster which is located south of Ireland and was also ruled by kings and just like the Leinster didn't have a local government but was controlled over with the Teachta Dala. Lastly is the Ulster which is located in the North and was also ruled by kings. The religion was mainly Catholic and Protestants and had the Normon invasion in common.
Work Citied:
ows.edb.utexas.edu/.../Troubles-NorthernIrelad
Www.wesleyjohnston.com/.../ireland
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
ReplyDelete- Northern Ireland was divided between loyalties so there was a problem between wanting to have a British government and not a union and Catholic government. That is one way tension was being created in Northern Ireland. Another way is the unfair treatment between the two religions. Catholics found it harder to obtain a job which of course is going to create tension because it’s hard to survive when you cant earn any money (similar to social Darwinism, only the strong prevail and the weak suffer, which in this case are the Loyalist against Catholics). I believe that could also tie into economic tension between the two religions. Catholics also had a lack of voting rights, you would figure that could be a huge example of economic tension because there vote doesn’t really matter (similar to how woman were treated early in the U.S)
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
- I agree with this statement all the way. Just compare Northern Ireland to how the United States (democratic country) turned out. Sure we had a civil war but it was to end something that was morally wrong. We have a firm constitution that gives people a firm understanding of the rules to how the country functions and keeps people under control. This is what Northern Ireland needed but seeing that they did not have a constitution is a obvious reason to why it went to war between the government,
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s
- Economic challenges Northern Ireland faced was unemployment in which the catholic began to protest about that too. In October a broadcast was shown of Irelands police beginning to beat on a protestant. But British forces were sent to keep the state under control.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
- Well, women had a low status in Northern Ireland just like how they did in the U.S. Very similar actually, women had the job to take care of the family at home. Men got to do everything such as vote work outside of the house and provide financially for the family etc. Women were not allowed to vote and they practically just had the short end of the stick (metaphorically meaning they just ended up being born into a male dominate society where they get less rights than their man). But after this woman’s civil rights movements were held giving them the right to vote, an education and they were able to work and get paid equivalently to men.
Work cited:
http://www.slideshare.net/NicholasTeh/causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
ows.edb.utexas.edu/.../Troubles-NorthernIrelad
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
ReplyDeleteThe role of religion that took part in causing tension in Northern Ireland was both religions Catholics and Protestants wanted to be dominate over the northern part of Ireland. The Catholics felt discriminated by the government (the Protestants). The Catholics found it very hard to find jobs because the Protestants had already taken all the jobs. Catholics were tired of being treated so rudely, resulting them to create a civil rights movement. Both Protestants and Catholics started marches and threw rock and bombs at each other. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombed Protestant churches and murdered 135 people that believed in the Protestant religion. Religion was a very big component throughout the tensions in Northern Ireland because it led to complete violence. The role of the economy that took part in Northern Ireland was that too many people didn't have a job. The income earned was very low and the living standards were horrible. Everyone was fighting to get a job. Homes were broken into by the poor to feed their families. North Ireland was more like fight to survive. Which led to tensions in Northern Ireland.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I completely disagree with this statement; “the existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state”. I disagree with this statement because the protestants were in control of north Ireland and the Catholics just took over and started to rebel against the protestants. The Catholics didn’t care that they weren’t allowed to have their wishes granted. They didn’t care what the consequences would be. All they wanted was equality. To do so they created marches and threw bombs at the Protestants. If there was a written constitution feel that the Catholics wouldn’t care about what the law say, they will do whatever it takes to get equality.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
The social challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960s were climate challenges. Some climate challenges that could be faced would be flooding and increase of temperature. Some of the economic challenges faced by the Northern Ireland in the late 1960s very little employment. North Ireland were struggling a lot with food resources. With all of these challenges going on the people of Ireland would fight people who have all the resources. Thus, creating tension.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDeleteMore and more woman were employed during 1952-1955. However, women were not getting paid enough money. It was an order that in 1937 when a woman had married, they had to resign from their job. Until 1977, the employment equality Act made it possible for women to work while they were married. Most women were part of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement. Two of the most important women part of the Peace Movement were Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams. They were important because of their hard effort to bring Protestants and Catholics together.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Northern Ireland are Ulster, Munster, Connaught, and Leinster. There was a 5th province in north Ireland which was Meath. However it was added into Leister. Each province has its own flag and symbol. Connacht is located in the west and was knowing for as the kingdom of learning. Ulster is located in the North and is known for battles. Leinster is in the East and is known for hospitality. Munster is in the South and is the kingdom of music.
“Northern Ireland: The Peace Process”, Kristin Archick, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21333 , January 8, 2014.
“Religion and Violence in the Northern Ireland Conflict”, http://religionviolenceandpeace.blogspot.com/2009/11/religion-and-violence-in-northern.html November 3, 2009.
“The Troubles in Northern Ireland” http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
“Countries and Their Cultures” http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Northern-Ireland.html
Dimas A. Amezquita
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms. Noce
May 26, 2014
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
- Religion played a big role on causing tensions in Northern Ireland, the reason was that many Irish people that were Catholic lived in Southern Ireland. They did not like the British and really wanted Ireland to be independent from the Great Britain. However, there were Irish people that lived in Northern Ireland, which were called Protestants and they did not separate from Great Britain, but wanted to remain united with Great Britain. Also the economic factors played a role in causing tensions in Northern Ireland because many Catholics did not have much of employment opportunities then the Protestants. The Protestants owned many businesses and had private companies that only preferred to have Protestants working for them than Catholics. The economic problems made Catholics feel discriminated with the good paying jobs would go to the Protestants and the Catholics had to work in jobs that paid less. The roles of religious and economic factors were causing tension in Northern Ireland in 1967 to 1990 between the Catholics in Southern Ireland and the Protestants in Northern Ireland.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
- I agree with the quote of “a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state” because it creates legitimate laws that has to be followed. For example, if a constitution has a law or rule that would not let businesses discriminate people against their race, religion, political beliefs or other discrimination topics, then those businesses has to follow the constitution and let many different people have jobs without judging them, if the businesses do not obey the constitution, then they face some consequences. That is why a written constitution is a successful way of creating a successful democratic state.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
- There were many different social and economic challenges that the Northern Ireland faced during the late 1960’s. The Protestant leaders was dominating Northern Ireland’s political and social climate. The Protestant leaders were controlling the political and social climate that made the Catholic minority angry and irritated. There was a huge unemployment rate that was increasing amongst the Catholic people that made them more angry or irritated towards the Protestants because most of the business owners were Protestants and they mostly preferred Protestants working for them than the Catholic people.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDelete- In Germany, the status of women changed with Hitler believing that a women’s role was to stay home and clean, and make more offsprings so it could increase its Aryan race because that is what Hitler wanted to increase the population of Germany. Hitler also made abortions illegal and he forced feminism on women. In Japan, the women had to obey males such as a father, husband, brother and their son. After the Meiji restoration, women were able to request divorces and had the right to vote.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
- The four provinces of Northern Ireland are Munster, Ulster, Leinster, and Connaught. The four provinces all together have 32 countries and Leinster had the most countries from the other provinces. Leinster was mostly populated and has over half of the population of the Republic of Ireland. In the 1960’s, Catholic people and the Protestants were struggling in regards to their religion. Neither one of them wanted to be the party that has to be a religious minority. Protestants in Ulster had voiced their opinions on the Home Rule debate in 1912. Ulster’s Solemn League and Covenant made a pledge that was signed in order to resist Home Rule, which the Protestants thought it would disrupt their civil and religious freedom.
Works Cited:
http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Northern-Ireland.html
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_culture__religion_191249#13Religion8212Northandsouth
http://prezi.com/5ihkbsos_tlc/treatment-of-women-minorities-and-religious-groups-in-single-party-states/
Stephanie Santiago
ReplyDeleteMay 26, 2014
IB History
Ms. Noce
Tension in Northern Ireland
Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
In the late 1960s A loyalist had established the (UCDC) which was made to dispute civil rights. From there the (UVF) group was established and had planned an invasion for the catholics. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) had attacked many people who suffered because of them. In 1970, violence was a big issue for civilans since they had to spend money on weapons, which hurt them economically. A big majority of catholics and nationalists had loss homes because of invasions. During the 1980s a hunger stike took place, many people suffered from starvation during this time Northern had opened a religious school. During the 1990s the violence was still going a lot of torturing was involved along with the violence.
“The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
This quote is basically referring to democratic state being modest enough to deal with a written constitution. I agree with this statement because it refers to peace being made between loyalists and catholics.
Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
During the late 1960s there were several economic and social challenges. A social challenge they faced was the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) which was known as a loyalist group, they provided a declaration on war on the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Some civil rights activists were going against discrimination of housing.
Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
Hitler and Nazi Germany had a negative perspective of women and treated them badly. Hitler had planted several rules for women to follow which weren’t fair such as having kids with a man and the man being able to have another child outside of marriage. Women weren’t allowed to work, they were considered to emotional to work as judges or public prosecutors. They were prohibited from a lot of other stuff like smoking, dying and perming their hair, dieting, and wearing make-up and heels.
Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces are Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connacht. I researched but couldn’t find any information based on this question.
Works Cited: -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Troubles_and_peace_process#1960.E2.80.931969
http://hitlersingleptystate.wikispaces.com/3D.+Status+of+Women,+treatment+of+religious+groups+and+minorities.
Jerilys Santiago
ReplyDeleteIB World History
Ms.Noce
Northern Island
#1- Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
- During 1967 to 1990 there were religious and economic factors that caused tension in Northern Ireland. During the 1960s, the late 1960s, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UFV) and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) had religious issues with Catholics. These issues with the Catholics caused many people to die, from kids to elderly. During the 1970s, due to a lot of violence that followed an Orange Order Parade, the British Army used a high quantity of CS gas. This incident hurt people physically and economically as well. In addition, around 7000 people lost their home and were killed. The majority of those people were Catholics and Nationalists. During the 1800s, many people were complaining about the economy because they did not have money for food. They ended up forming a hunger strike. Also, the first religious middle school opened. During the 1990s more violence kept occurring and Catholics kept dying.
#2- “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
- I agree with the statement above because a written constitution would’ve made it easier for loyalists to get along with Catholics or at least for a peaceful agreement between them. In my opinion, it would’ve prevented many deaths and economic problems.
#3- Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
- During the late 1960s, there were a few social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland. There were: setting up the Ulster Protestant Volunteers to challenge the civil rights movement and wasting a lot of money by fighting.
#4- Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
- The first region I’ll talk about regarding the changing status of women is Germany. Women were not able to wear make up, heels or trousers, dye their hair and to smoke. They had to marry at a young age and be with that person “forever.” Also, they were viewed as too emotional and weak to work. Women needed to stay home and take care of their children. The other region I’ll talk about is Russia. Before World War 1, women were also considered weak and were born to be housewives and take care of their children. But, after the war, they became more powerful and were able to work just like men.
#5-Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
- I did not find any information on this question.
Work cited :
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Troubles_and_peace_process#1960.E2.80.931969
-http://hitlersingleptystate.wikispaces.com/3D.+Status+of+Women,+treatment+of+religious+groups+and+minorities.
- http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/moderneurope/molly-wolanski/
William Portorreal
ReplyDeleteIB History
Ms. Noce
1. Religion was a cause of tension because there were two different sides and one was stronger than the other. The Protestants were a bigger group than the Catholics and they wanted to stay united Great Britain. While the Catholics on the other hand wanted Ireland to become independent because they believed Ireland itself is a nation. Also economics was a cause of tension as well because the Ireland economy was bad. Since the protestants were a bigger group they would get all the benefits of employment while the Catholics where struggling to get a job. This made the Catholics made and gave them a reason to protest against the Protestants.
2. I agree with this quote “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state” because this helps out the country in many ways. With a constitution there is a less chance that something like what happened in Ireland could happen because the main reason why tension occurred was because the two groups were treated differently one better than the other. If a constitution was created during that time period in Ireland then everyone would have to follow the same rules as everyone else no matter what religion there in. For example instead of the Protestants getting more employment than the Catholics they would both get an equal amount of pay and jobs. A constitution also helps eliminate discrimination. In my opinion I believed a constitution will help lower the chance of tensions between groups living in the same country.
3. The Protestants and Catholics had different view points on Ireland because the Catholics wanted independence while the Protestants wanted unionism. The Protestants had a greater chance at getting employed than the Catholics did and since the Protestants had more control than the Catholics this caused tension to raise between the two groups because the Catholics were getting treated unfairly.
4. In Germany the role of the women was to stay away from work and stay home cleaning and taking care of the kids. Hitler wanted the population to grow so he wanted women to at least four babies. The women went from hard workers to being feminists and got less freedom. In the U.S women were treated unfairly, they weren’t able to vote and also had to stay home to clean and cook because the men thought women couldn’t do what the men did. As time went on they got to vote and work but they still got paid less than the men.
5. Ulster, leninster, munster, and Connaught are the four provinces of northern Ireland. Leninster is the most populated one out of all of them. Each religion in these provinces wanted to have more people than the other to be the most dominating group. Some agreed that Ireland should be united with Great Britain for protection but groups like the Catholics didn’t wanted to be united. Protestants in Ulster voiced their opinion on the home rule debate.
Works cited: http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Women_Nazi_Germany.htm
http://prezi.com/5ihkbsos_tlc/treatment-of-women-minorities-and-religious-groups-in-single-party-states/
Erick Volquez
ReplyDeleteIB History 11
Ms.noce
Tension in Northern Ireland
1. Religious and Economical factors did cause lots of tension between the 1960’s all the way to 1990’s in Northern Ireland. When we take a look at the religious factors, we can already conclude that although the war had to do with the ideals of the major protestant and the minor catholic groups, this wasn’t a religious war; it just came to be that two groups where aiming to change the country, not involve religious ideals in it. The economic factors also play an important fact to this because not only is this war composed of religious factors but the economical factor is the one that completes this; why? Money talks! If money is not invested in what the country needs then how can the country expand and be stable? Northern Ireland was in a situation where there were two groups that wanted to control the money as well to use it to their advantage “for the greater of Northern Ireland”. Both of the Religious and Economical factors affected the country; violence was the only conclusion from this and nothing good ever comes out of it.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” I think that this goes perfectly with the situation that is portrayed to us in Northern Ireland. How can there be peace and a strong/successful democratic (liberal) state if there is no supreme law? If there is no constitution placed in Northern Ireland, the bloody fight would have continued; now, since it’s a democratic state A.K.A (liberal state), this means that it was fine for there to be a minority of Catholics and a majority of protestants. Now, the thing here is that there needs to be one supreme law and that was the goal! The Catholics wanted to make a supreme law as well as the protestant but they wanted to do it in their own ways. The supreme law constitutes for every single citizen, resident etc. so if either of these took total control; the fight was going to continue.
3. Analyzing the social and economic challenges that Northern Ireland faced in the late 1960’s were hand to hand just like the religious factors. Like I said in question one, The economic challenges also play an important fact to this because not only is this war composed of religious factors but the economical factor is the one that completes this; why? Money talks! Money is what moves the country into progress so the economic struggle of the late 1960’s was composed of not having a steady government to manage it and of course since the bloody war was happening, the markets where frozen. A social structure is what builds society; how can the country socialize economically if there’s a huge civil war happening? It’s like we can almost see it as the countries struggle happening one after the other.
4. Even though this war was fought by religious groups and didn’t turn out to be a religious civil war, the treatment of religion groups towards the single party states from the different Ireland regions. One thing that I think about when I see this is that there is no such thing that I’ve seen before as a religious violent person (since I’m religious myself) Now, one thing to think about here that is a very common thing is that the religious groups wanted power in the country so who where they going to go for? The people in power. I think that very often those protestants who were the major groups would go to their designated region and try to take over political men’s mind to make a change for “the greater good of Northern Ireland, if not Ireland itself.”
ReplyDeleteProvinces of Ireland
Cúigí na hÉireann
Location
Leinster
Munster
Connacht
Ulster
5. This image was taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland
Connacht and Ulster were the Northern Provinces of Northern Ireland. Some differences that these regions had where that they managed the government a different way than each other. Connacht’s governmental rules were under a very liberal and opened manner but of course after the civil war and during the civil war they had to close; Ulster’s government was composed of a more Protestant based, even if it gave freedom to the minor group of Catholics which is why I think that from this region was were the religious “back & forth’s” came about. In terms of religious practices, there was an equality; there was a major group that was considered protestant and then a minor group that was Catholic. The violent protests came from both Connacht and Ulster but Connacht had more peaceful protest due to the fact that there was no reason to why fight against the government or try to take control since even if there a minor group of Catholics there was no problem; but in Ulster, I believe that since from here it derived the problems of taking over the government and making a constitution under Democratic rules, there was no way that there were going to be any peaceful movements which is why they became so known; not because of the actual protest but because of the violence.
WORK CITED:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil-rights_movement_(1960s)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland
http://www.bov.com/filebank/documents/BR26%20Econ%20Devt%20(1-19).pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
Carlos Callejas
ReplyDeleteESSAY
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
Religion played a minor role in the Troubles, the basis of conflict was NOT religious division, but there was a religion/political divide between the Irish People. The people of Northern Ireland (part of the UK) followed Protestantism and were Loyalists, meaning that they preferred to remain under the British Empire. Whereas the people of the South were almost exclusively Catholic and wanted Ireland to be a republic independent of Britain (nationalists and republicans).
Now, economic factors had a stronger role in The Troubles. Protestants were owners of many businesses and fertile land. Who worked in these businesses and farmed these lands? Protestants, the Protestant owners preferred to hire and rent land to Protestants rather than Catholics, who were poor and constantly given low jobs and also much less investment from the government in their communities.
2.“The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I don't have encyclopedic knowledge on laws and politics, but a constitution is mandatory for every democratic country, for it is the base and the boundaries by which its laws will be written. I disagree with this statement, despite a constitution being part of a democratic state; what happens if a constitution is written on terms which harm or give disadvantages to a certain group? Conflict will surge and the state won't be successful, just unstable and chaotic. But, in my opinion, laws are the ones that cause the most conflict, instead of the constitution itself. The constitution is interpreted by each party or group and laws proposed are their interpretation of what the constitution says. IE: American abolitionists believed the constitution was against slavery whereas the rest of the U.S. Believed that by "citizens" the constitution meant white people, and passed the Fugitive Law.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
Northern Ireland had more of a social challenge rather than economic. I mean that Northern Ireland in its entirety did not have much of an economic challenge, but a part of its population did. Those affected economically were in the Catholic minority, who faced unemployment and poverty. From this problem, the social challenge came; the Catholics were angry at the Protestants for taking over the power of Ireland, benefitting the Protestant population, and for denying them of political voice and seats in the parliament.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
In Guatemala, during the many Dictatorships of the 20th century (and sometimes today), people who practiced traditional Mayan religion (polytheistic) and rituals around the country, mainly in rural areas where indigenous groups live, faced discrimination and fear due to them being “sorcerers” and “Satanists” according to the mainly Catholic/Evangelic population of the country. They have never been attacked violently for the sole reason of their religion, but having such beliefs carries a stigma in Guatemalan society.
In Nigeria, the Islamic government often neglected and disregarded the Christian minority of the country, moreover Christians were sometimes attacked and faced discrimination, due to being seen as infidels or heathens. Such division and discontent lead the Christian minority to organize into the Biafra Republic and declare independence from Nigeria. This act caused the Nigerian government to declare War on Biafra with the purpose of taking back the territory occupied by Biafra.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
ReplyDeleteIreland is divided into four “ancient provinces”, as the name implies since long time ago. These provinces are Ulster, Connaught, Leinster and Munster. Leinster contains Dublin, the capital of the Irish Republic, whereas Ulster contains Northern Ireland’s capital, Belfast. From looking at a map marking majority of vote for different parties in General Elections, only Ulster favored Unionists, whereas the rest of the provinces favored the Sinn Fein. According to a census map, only Ulster has less Catholic percentage compared to the rest of provinces, with Connaught being, apparently, completely Catholic. Most violence happened around the Ulster Province, where Northern Ireland is. Here, the Sunday Massacre happened, and several bombs also exploded around Belfast during the Troubles.
SOURCES:
Previous blogs
Africa packet
My own knowledge
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Irish_UK_election_1918.png
http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/troubledgeogs/chap3/cath_1834.jpg
Blog: Monday, May 26, 2014 Naomie Bourdeau
ReplyDelete1. Religion did play a role in causing the tension in Northern Ireland between 1967 to 1990. The tension was between Northern Ireland protestant and catholic communities. They both interpreted” The troubles” in different ways. Which resulted in religious conflicts. There were some economic issues, were the protests and lots of violence that sparked the conflict in Northern Ireland. A major problem was unemployment. People couldn’t work. So economic had a role in causing the tension in the Northern Ireland.
2. I agree for with “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democrat state “because in Northern Ireland they were turn and ruined by violence conflicts. Which made a huge difference in their social and political differences today? If Northern Ireland, had a strict but fair written constitution. Maybe certain things would be put into place. Also in my opinion there would have been less economic problems.
3. During the 1960’s there were many social and economic challenges that the Northern Ireland faced. For example the Northern Ireland’s were dominated socially and politically by protestant leaders. This caused a lot of problems because the Catholics were vexed that protestant leaders were taken over. Economically, unemployment rates were really high.
4.) The changing of status in women and that I'm going to discuss is in the country Russia. Women in Russia were not able to do just about nothing. They were considered weak, women were supposed to stay in the house. This was before world war one. Now after the war women had rights to many things and they were able to work. The second one is Germany. Women were limited to many things that they could have applied ok their bodies. Now they can use whatever type of products that they wanted.
5) The four provinces of Northern Ireland are Connaught, Ulster, Munster and Leinster. These provinces were supplanted by the systems of counties after provincial presidencies existed. Leinster had the most countries. In Ulster six of the nine countries was form in modern days. Munster had no official function for local government purposes.
Work cited:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/troubles
http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/troubledgeogs/chap3/cath_1834.jpg
Dinia Clairveaux
ReplyDeleteMs. Noce
IB History
5/26/14
Tension in Northern Ireland
Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
During the era of the of the Troubles in Northern Ireland on of it’s major causes was the different religious groups that were in Ireland, the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. The groups never shared the same perspective on ideas got into major arguments. The Catholics were close minded and did not accept the Protestants. Due this religion issue Northern Ireland was divide into two religious groups that were constantly attacking each other. The protestants went and took over many provinces of Ireland and an example was Ulster. They went and renamed themselves the Unionists. They wanted an alliance with the British meanwhile the Catholics wanted Ireland to remain independent and away from the British. In the economic department Ireland was lacking, when compared to other countries she was viewed as poor.
“The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I would agree to the extent that it even with the most perfected constitution that there would always be a group of individuals that finds fault in it and disagree with it. Concerning Northern Ireland there was no way that it was going to work for them The constitution fail to put an end to the conflicts that were stirring in Ireland. not to forget they were a Democratic country that was having a hard time working together solve its counties issues.
Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
During the time of the troubles the economic challenges faced by by Northern Ireland in the late 1960 was unemployment and the empowerment of the Unionist. Which started in 1921 and lasted until the early 1960. They went and took over Northern Ireland political and social climate.
Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
ReplyDeleteThe changing status of women in Japan
In the Japanese culture unlike other cultures where men were basically the more dominant sex and women were expected to be exclusively feminine; Specifically in education, home life, and businesses. Japanese women status varied base on the social class. During the 8th century Japan had female emperors also in the 12th century women were allowed ownership of land. And as the years and century increase they were allowed more privileges.women could inherit property, get an education, and for some strange reason take lovers. The higher they were in the social class the more privileged they were during the 16th century high ranking women could divorce and marry freely .
Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Northern Ireland where Ulster,Connacht,, Leinster and Munster. Leinster had the capital of the Irish Republic and had the most populated state. Ulster contain Northern Ireland’s capital, which was Belfast. In General Elections, Ulster favored Unionists. Connaught was once rule in monarchy. Munster also was ruled in monarchy and is located in southern part of Ireland. It was govern by the Teachta Dala.
sources
ows.edb.utexas.edu/.../Troubles-NorthernIrelad
Slideshare.net(n.d.) Causes of Northern Conflict accessed May 26, 2014 from http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui/chapter-4-causes-of-northern-ireland-conflict
Ows.edb.utexas.edu(n.d.) The Troubles in Northern Ireland accessed May 26, 2014 from http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/troubles-northern-ireland
Prezi(n.d.) treatment of women minorities and religious groups accessed May 26, 2014 from http://prezi.com/5ihkbsos_tlc/treatment-of-women-minorities-and-religious-groups-in-single-party-states/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Japan
Jalexis Ruiz
ReplyDeleteMs.Noce
IB History
Tension in Northern Ireland Blog
1. Assess the role of religious and economic factors in causing the tensions in Northern Ireland in the period 1967 to 1990.
The tensions in Northern Ireland were between the Catholics and Northern ireland Protestant. They had economic problems but the major issue they had was unemployment. People were losing jobs and home but then Northern opened up religious schools. A lot of violence also took place, it made people suffer because of the weapons and it made them have economic issues.
2. “The existence of a written constitution is necessary for a successful democratic state.” With reference to Northern Ireland, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
I truly agree with this statement because they wanted to make peace between the catholics and loyalist. The democratic state was showing a humble estimate of one’s merits meaning as like a claim to respect or praise. They dealt with the written constitution because of that.
3. Analyze the social and economic challenges faced by Northern Ireland in the late 1960’s.
In the late 1960’s there were social and economic challenges faced by the Northern Ireland. The reason for the social challenges was because of the loyalist group. They faced the (UVF) which is called the Ulster Volunteer Force. They did that because they wanted to challenge the UVF to the civil rights and by that they were wasting a lot of money which caused the economic challenges.
4. Analyze either the changing status of women or the treatment of religious groups in two authoritarian or single-party states, each chosen from a different region.
The two authoritarian I will talk about will be Hitler and Nazi Germany because they are the only ones that really interested me with the treatment of the women. They had some similarities. Hitler’s treatment to the women were that they couldn’t be allowed to work. He seen them only as women that could have sexual relationship with man and just like to be a housewife. Nazi Germany let them work but if the women wanted to make changes or rules they would get killed because you aren’t suppose to tell them what to do. Nazi Germany would really punish them but in a real more harmful way then what Hitler did.
5. Describe the four provinces of Northern Ireland. Be sure to include in your answer the similarities and differences in regards to religion, peaceful and violent protests, what types of resistance movements existed and why they became popular.
The four provinces of Northern Ireland are Connacht, Leinster, Munster, and Ulster. The Connacht had a great number of irish speakers about 5 to 10% in the areas of counties Galway and Mayo. Leinster consist of ancient kingdoms, they made the most province because of their population that was 2,504,814. Munster had about 300,000 people living in the city and 48,500 were students. The Ulster had no function of a local government.
work cited :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster
www.dictionary.com